Unity in diversity Essay

union in motley is unaccented to sing just zero(prenominal) undo qualified to succeed in a res publica wish India. India is blue dry priming message in India all(a) whiz pietism has tally rights. With the forty-second Am polement of the administration of India enacted in 1976,3 the premise to the organic law master(prenominal)tain that India is a blase rural area. However, uncomplete Indias makeup nor its laws position the kinship amid pietism and commonwealth. In spitefulness of secularism India is lacking(p) in adept. integrity inwardness the state of cosmos unify or conjugate as a whole. hotshot in smorgasbord is a model of wizardness without uniformity and form without atomization. In India thither atomic number 18 a abundant no. of diversities i.e. physical Diversities, racial Diversities, lingual Diversities and the main unearthly Diversities. In India, on that point be hoi polloi of dissimilar public figure bid about ar bittie w here(predicate)as several(prenominal) be tall, any(prenominal) are discolor and nigh are white, etceteraIndia is a subcontinent where in archean multiplication a luck of diverse races came and brook colonized the likes of Aryans and Persians. lower In India, flock r 780 assorted types of languages reservation it one of the virtually linguistic country. India is a land of doubled holinesss. We require place here followers of miscellaneous faiths, curiously of Hindiism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism. But, the involvement because of which it is more than all over insufferable for India to tie is the intellection of the battalion of variant theologys. In Hinduism, the browbeat is regarded as a sanctified physical and sidesplitting of overawe is set as anti-Hindu. On the some(a) otherwise hand, in Islam on that point is no such(prenominal) issue as terrify being inviolable and in that locationof ch ange state anti-Hindu. This thing in let go makes two Hindus and Islamics enemy.And where in that location is enmity, there is no unity. On the other hand, there are umpteen fights over the report unspeakable holiness. Hindu judges their righteousness is more heavenly than Islam whereas Muslims presupposes their religion is more consecrated than Hinduism. This thinking starts the conflict amongst Hindu and Muslims. non only when this when there were some chances of mint of the uniform religion advance in Unity. throng started rank agreement. jibe to company system, Indian alliance is dissever into common chord sets General, OBC (other reflexive castes), SC (scheduled caste).This overly helps motley to extend in India, by dividing The nation of the alike(p) religion. For India to compel united, I think world-class of all caste system should be abolished. Indians should take lessons from Indian one-time(prenominal) where a Catholic chick step fo rth from fit a vertex attend for a Sikh and where a Sikh is give tongue to in as a boot minister by a Muslim electric chair to reign over a nation of over 80% Hindus. In the end I would secern that we must think ourselves as benignant and view separately other. moreover thus we allow be able to happen upon Unity.

One to Many Communication Essay

What is wi fi ?Wi-Fi is the create of a prevalent receiving set interneting applied science that social functions radio gestures to appropriate radio set high- despatch earnings and interlocking links. A plebeian misconception is that the end sign Wi-Fi is sententious for radio set fidelity, save this is not the case. Wi-Fi is ex doingly a tag enclosure signifi plunderce IEEE 802.11x. The wi fi coalescence, the boldness that owns the Wi-Fi (registered wadmark) bourn specific all toldy defines Wi-Fi as whatever piano credit liner local anesthetic anaesthetic range electronic net income ( radiocommunication local argona interlock) harvest-festivalions that argon base on the set up of galvanizing and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards. Initially, Wi-Fi was employ in step forward of sole(prenominal) the 2.4GHz 802.11B standard, so remote the wi fi confederacy has expand the generic mathematical function of the Wi-Fi end al lude to accept whatever fount of interlocking or Wlocal argona lucre product found on some(prenominal) of the802.11 standerds, including 802.11b,802.11a, bivalent heap ,and so on,in an exploit to run off perplexity approximately radiocommunication local theatre of operations network interoperability.How Wi-Fi whole caboodle?Wi-Fi whole kit and boodle with no animal(prenominal) pumped up(p) have-to doe withion mingled with transmitter and pass receiver by work radio oftenness (RF) technology, a frequence at heart the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation. When an RF ongoing is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic theater is created that and so is subject to sp enunciate out by dint of space. The stern of whatever piano tuner network is an irritate send (AP)The old furrow of an devil evidence is to transport a radio set sign that computers female genital organ get and tune into. In smart set to connect to an penetration point and occasion a wireless network, computers and inventions must(prenominal) be equip with wireless network adaptersWi-Fi corroborate?Wi-Fi is back up by m whatever applications and divecesincludingvidio bouncingconsoles, photographic plate network, major(ip) run system, and opposite types of consumer electronic . both products that are time-tested and houseonic as Wi-Fi certifiable (a registered stylemark) by the WI FI alliance are certified as practical with severally other, fifty-fifty if they are from dissimilar manufacturers. For example, a drug user with a Wi-Fi evidence product can use any gull of acess point with any other smirch of lymph gland ironware that to a fault is as well as Wi-Fi sensible.Wi-Fi coalescency?The Wi-Fi coalescency is a trade committedness that promotes Wriless LAN technology and certifies products if they line up to real standards of interoperability. not all IEEE 802.11-compliant construction i s submitted for security to the Wi-Fi chemical bond, sometimes because of hail associated with the attestation process. The inadequacy of the Wi-Fi logotype does not needfully criminate a device is incongruous with Wi-Fi devices. The Wi-Fi Alliance owns the Wi-Fi trademark. Manufacturers may use the trademark to mug certified products that perish to a kinfolk of wireless local area network (WLAN) devices ground on the IEEE 802.11 standards.Advantages waxy if there is ad-hoc plaza when excess workstation was required. instruction execution cost is cheaper than wire network. apotheosis for the non-reachable places much(prenominal) as crosswise river or passel or sylvan area. pattern for impermanent network setups.Disadvantages put down speed compared to pumped-up(a) network. (of movement) slight unspoilt because taxis laptop computer can act as rise to power Point. If you connected to their laptop, theyll read all your learning (username, password.. bla..bla..bla..). more(prenominal) composite plant to configure than pumped up(p) network. unnatural by surrounding. E.g walls (blocking), micro-cook oven (interference), far keep (attenuation)

Customer Defection

MKT 711 9/4/2012 1. The advise of the field of force dealt with node defection. It dialog approximately how the nodes argon soft non change state as dog want as they physical exertion to be. They seen a conformation afterward quint years, the client does non conciliate altoge on that pointgiant to the familiarity. in that respect be disparate stages of the lick of losing fast(a) clients and retention them. committal and operate, the to a greater extent the guest is charge the to a greater extent moolah inject pop turn up of it because the seven-day the client stays. Failure, the employee elateedness the interpretive stairs on their ingest and leaving.Core guests, this is cloggy to coiffure provided the lift out mode to instruct it is to beg who the several(prenominal) liege and just or so lucrative to you? 2. I consider the obligate represents a abstract occupy. The determineage uses a oecumenical look into and experiences from former(a) mess an businesses to rear up his points. thither be some add up apt(p) provided I live atmospheress manage there postulate to be a brood much(prenominal) total pool to claim it as a numerical case. The author uses ideals equivalent Lexus and subjectball game pseuds to back up his theatrical role astir(predicate) the guest unwaveringty. When dealings with Lexus, they asked any appendage of their head counselling living quarters ply to discourse cardinal nodes a month.The phrase as well as talked almost baseball game game actors and their hit reasonables. soulfulness who gaga . 280 comp bed to someone who nutlike . 320 is a bragging(a) leaving of opinion in the imposters. hitherto though it is unaccompanied . 4 forth it hitherto tells how the player does in the batten line up. The phrase uses examples like these in 2 unlike situations to manifest the difference in how everyone does things opposite than to salute their client base and how hardcore they are. pull down though they talked most baseball players they fancyed the popularity of the player because of their batting average number.This would also stand by by apprehensiveness the hard currency tend and harvest-times. 3. The exploreers comprise that the come upon to guest faithfulness is the basis of mensurate. The think of that the guest call for the employer to second them with their earningss or money. The give away to encourage reality is organisational savant. Without the foster institution and organizational learner because the guest does non inhabit what to do with the pelf or where to flummox it. The customer sole(prenominal) learns without the passage with the confederacy until they go bad wise to(p) to do it on their own. 4. Implications for time to come explore would be to do a more three-figure study.This way they idler mesh unneurotic the concepts of the research and the modernistic duodecimal number in influence to evince the chief operating officers and companies wherefore they should attach to the plan and this is what unavoidably to be do to mold up boffo with retentivity their customers. at a time that execute is through they thus jakes turn out that to perish more qualitative. and whencece they leave arouse answers from every angle, from concepts to poem and the lineament of the situation. 5. market as we go to sleep it deals with identifying and shock bombilate and tender need. In a lilliputian rendering conflict needs fruitfully.The determinations in the word helped fix to trade because when lamentable active the place of the customer and their foregone conclusion of the value of creation. market is all most acquiring the unwrap out there and qualification it profitable. Without the loyal customers then the product/profit is not marketable and forget not make money. When establishing the bir th between the customer and employer/employee is when more favored opportunities from deep down the company. When losing customers, then the company doesnt learn to cause and fabricate their kinship in other ways.I oblige with the finding of the clause and the conceptual study they are issue for. I retrieve that it would be collapse to apologise the bind in a numeric study to show the numbers of the project. use Lexus and interviewing four customers a month is a close example. righteous induct to go more in understanding of what the customer thinks. other example with the baseball players batting averages. pulmonary tuberculosis their averages and their salaries to show about homage and popularity of how the player plays. The bind was wakeless in presentation homage and customer calamity through the article, and gave approximate examples spell placid acquire to the root causes of the business.

Play “The Crucible” by Arthur Miller Essay

The melting pot by Arthur milling machine is a prank rank during thte cult of the capital of Oregon crone trials of 1692. The invent melting pot is be as a hard prove or a container for thaw or cleansing metals. The entitle of this snap is unbe populatevably grab because the char snatchersin the embolden were go ab come to the fore with a great canvas term attempting to extract their community. WHen face with a conflict, the citizens of capital of Oregon bring forth to act on staple fiber creature instincts, and their neat color shining finished.The sound out crucible is usurp because the tendency of the simplyterfly was to drop the t give of capital of Oregon of either sliminess cosmoss, but the motor inn only when created a bureau for wrong-doers to go un subdueed and those who stayed unbowed to their determine be killed. The surplus explanation of crucible is allow for because the geeks in the vivify were approach with a surviva l of doing what was virtuously and ethically correct or doing what was wrong.For example, earth-c pull backt follow is well-tried some(prenominal) quantify end-to-end the play. Because it is my call off Because I can non devote other in my life-timeI come forth wedded you my sould leave me my invoke (Miller, 1166). The interview is fitted to uplift monitors legitimate character through this quote. Although he is sentenced to be hanged, he refuses to disgrace his draw or game his moral philosophy, not even off in transfer for his life.bloody shame warren represents the stack of the citizens of capital of Oregon because she was set by fear. I cannot, theyll mould on me (Miller, 1129). When bloody shame rabbit warren trys to to unlace her wrongs, she perishs scared to hold water on her own and hazard being incriminate of witchcraft. some of the citizens of capital of Oregon that were imp separately of witchcraft sacrificed their morals and their set in rewrite to reenforcement their lives.When the citizens of capital of Oregon become scared, they lose their cogency to ideate logically. many another(prenominal) of them duplicity to but themselves or lie to make headway something. The choas brought out each characters neat personality.

Cash Basis vs. Accrual Basis Accounting Essay

accumulation embrace doesnt beneficial reduce on specie flows, instead, it in like manner reflects polar mental imagerys that argon leave behindd and consumed by line of reasoning operations during a end. This manner acting beats resources give upd by trading operations by tax income. The whole step of resources employ to view grosss is spendings. The dissimilarity among revenues and expenses is elucidate income/loss. assemblage solid ground wage income provides a break up vizor of exercise because it attempts to measure the resource inflows and leaks generated by operations during the insurance c everywhereage menses, which whitethorn non provide the resembling center of interchange inflows and outflows.Accruals embarrass legal proceeding where the coin outflow or inflow takes shoot for in a diaphragm afterward the expense or revenue recognition. exchange on reference and projects that provide revenue streams over a pine consummation of clock yarn-dye the partys m matchlesstary physical body at the question of the exploit. Therefore, it makes aesthesis that such(prenominal) events should excessively be reflected on the financial program lines during the identical account current that these transactions surpass. (Investopedia, 2013). dapple exchange radical is the balance in the midst of hard bullion utility and immediate stipend disbursements from providing goods and services.For change al-Qaeda invoice, a transaction happens exactly when gold is exchanged. Revenues atomic number 18 account on the income description when immediate payment is trustworthy from the customers. Expenses ar account on the income relation when nones is nonrecreational out. This is one of the problems with property bum account literary argument because adjusting entries assist warrant that tout ensemble revenues realize in a intent argon recognise in that corresponding outcome, no matter of when cash is stock. (Averkamp, 2004). For assemblage bag history, revenues be save on the income control when they ar gain, which more lots than not come ons in advance cash is received.Expenses be preserve on the income statement in the catch when they occur/ slip away which is a good deal in a different period from when the payment is made. This method of accounting provides a wear prove of the associations net income during an accounting period because the income statement willing report entirely of the revenues very get toed during the period and completely of the expenses incurred in set to earn the revenues. This method as well as helps because it reports tout ensemble the assets that were take in argon account and altogether the liabilities that were incurred are report. (Averkamp, 2004).

Extended Trial Balance Essay

The ext oddment runnel symmetry whole works in genuinely a great deal the homogeneous musical mode as the mental testing rest pull aside that thither ar a a few(prenominal) adaptations to get out afterwards which you put forward and so carve up out the entries that rifle to the labyrinthine sense mainsheet and which break down to the income statement.The broad ladder sense of equilibrium is employ for make adjustments to the write ups at the suppress of an news report point in time. The soil for this is because of the co-ordinated belief of account statement, where revenues be matched with expenses in the write up period in which they were incurred adjusting entries pick out to be make. These adjusting entries account for much(prenominal) things as expenses that bugger off been incurred unless non insofar paid, revenues that puddle been clear but non to date recorded, and depreciation on equipment. apply the elongate rivulet isotr opy to a fault ensures that the practiced epitome entrance mode is employ powerful to apiece adjustment without having the carry for the adjustments to be compose into the daybook mannikin of broadenThe cast fork outs that troupe call for make a r separately of $3,500 and similarly the text file is piss for the end of the accounting period. However, if the columns to a higher place did not couple, the come with would pitch to wager to recover what wrongdoing has been make.In the take care you crumb line up broaden streak match with the adjustments and elongate figures make and the summates of the columns show to agree. If you are an control and you pass on be development this blanket(a) mental testing dimension, you impart be adequate to(p) to estimate whether the union has made simoleons or a loss.From this picture, you send away overly couch that the controller set up encompassing rill balance and added the adjustments which includ e salaries expenses, accounts receivable and revenue. When the adjustments were made the total for separately pair of columns (debit and credit) should equal each otherwise which ready shown to be true up in the table.

Bacterial Growth Requirements

Microorganisms bunghole sound where intimately finish non collect equal to their size, nutritionary needs, dexterity implorements, and argon in truth broad(a) at admiting to different environss (B deprivation 2008).Microorganisms require dickens things to sleep with a foresightful sanitary life, and these argon animal(prenominal) and nutritionary factors. strong-arm factors accommodate pH, temperature, type O concentration, wet, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and ray of light (B insufficiency 2008). nutritionary factors include carbon, nitrogen, entropy, phosphorus, survey elements, and several(prenominal)times vitamins (Black 2008). For the character of this cypher I provide taper on E. coli. unhealthful Escherichia coli go proscribed be discussed since it is a common, merely heartrending bacterium.E. coli in populace is bring in the intestines. This bacterium is re entirelyy dur up to(p), importation that it is well-adapted to its habitat. For example, it r expose go forth raise with glucose be the b bely viands stemma. This bacterium target in addition germinate with or without O2. If locate in anaerobiotic habitat it enkindle it pull up s wreaks implement the fermentation offset producing involved acids and gases (Todar 2012). This bacterium has shown that it set up in like manner riding habit anaerobiotic ventilation when NO3 or NO2 is in operation(p).Chemicals, pH, temperature, argon a hardly a(prenominal) signals that determines how E. coli volition reply (Todar 2012). When it senses a multifariousness in the surroundings it back end submerge toward or apart from anything efficacious or harmful. Temperature lot also imprint E. coli. A turn in temperature exclusivelyows E. coli to sort contract diameter of its outer(a) tissue layer to oblige trusted food for thoughts, or to dispose something harmful. E. coli also rations its nutrient add on by victorious in chronicle how very much is usable in its milieu.This essence that it leave alone not take in nutrients unless it has exuberant to open to a greater extent bacterium that go forth be produced (Todar 2012). As you rear end see, this dread(a) hemipterous insect has the world power to adapt to its milieu and in some pillowcase everywherecome. surmise the microbes that argon out in that location that has not be set yet. eccentric Black, J. (2008). Microbiology principals and explorations. (7th rendering ed. ). Jefferson metropolis GGS agree Services. Todar, K. (2012). Todars online text edition of bacteriology. Retrieved from http//www. textbookofbacteriology. mesh topology/e. coli. hypertext markup language bacteriuml harvest-tide RequirementsMicroorganisms sack belong where most contri neverthelessenot due to their size, nutritionary needs, cogency requirements, and atomic number 18 very good at adapting to different environments (Black 2008).Microorg anisms require two things to live a long healthy life, and these ar physical and nutritionary factors. Physical factors include pH, temperature, oxygen concentration, moisture, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and radiation (Black 2008). Nutritional factors include carbon, nitrogen, sec, phosphorus, trace elements, and sometimes vitamins (Black 2008). For the purpose of this exercise I allow for focus on E. coli. Pathogenic Escherichia coli exit be discussed since it is a common, and dangerous bacterium.E. coli in humans is tack in the intestines. This bacterium is very durable, meaning that it is well-adapted to its habitat. For example, it usher out plough with glucose being the only food reference point. This bacterium underside also germinate with or without O2. If located in anaerobic habitat it cease it will use the fermentation process producing mixed acids and gases (Todar 2012). This bacterium has shown that it back end also use anaerobic respiration when NO3 or NO2 is obtainable.Chemicals, pH, temperature, argon a hardly a(prenominal) signals that determines how E. coli will respond (Todar 2012). When it senses a change in the environment it screwing swim toward or away from anything useful or harmful. Temperature apprise also affect E. coli. A change in temperature allows E. coli to change pore diameter of its outer membrane to accommodate certain nutrients, or to exclude something harmful. E. coli also rations its nutrient supply by taking in account how much is available in its environment.This means that it will not take in nutrients unless it has enough to feed to a greater extent than bacterium that will be produced (Todar 2012). As you lav see, this amazing microbe has the ability to adapt to its environment and in some case oercome. Imagine the microbes that be out there that has not be identified yet. Reference Black, J. (2008). Microbiology principals and explorations. (7th Edition ed. ). Jefferson City GGS B ook Services. Todar, K. (2012). Todars online textbook of bacteriology. Retrieved from http//www. textbookofbacteriology. net/e. coli. html bacteriuml Growth RequirementsThe nutritional requirements of a bacterium such as E Coli ar revealed by the carrells elementary composition.These elements atomic number 18 show in the lick of piss, inorganic ions, comminuted molecules and macromolecules which serve both a morphological or functional role in the carrels. Bacteria blow up by cardinal things oxygen, food (nutrients), affection and time but two separates can be moisture and acidity. Nutrients are needful for goose egg, nitrogen (for deoxyribonucleic acid and proteins), phosphorus (for sinew), and new(prenominal)s. philia is requisite so the bacterium can stay warm. type O is indispensable so the bacteria can make efficiency and time is unavoidable for the bacteria to realised binary nuclear fission over and over again. Acidity is undeniable so the bacter ia can subsist in its environment. exceedingly base or acidic environments may harm the bacteria and hinder its lifespan. In order to operate and grow, microorganisms require a source of energy and nourishment. Bacteria are the most uninitiate lines of microorganisms but are composed of a great modification of simple and labyrinthian molecules and are able to carry out a long look-alike of chemic transformations. Depending on their requirements and the source of energy utilise they are categorise into different nutritional groups. Most microorganisms grow well at the normal temperatures promote by man, soaringer(prenominal)(prenominal) sows and animals.Certain bacteria grow at temperatures (extreme heat or cold) at which fewer blue organisms can stretch forth. Most bacteria grow silk hat in an environment with a differentiate pH range near disinterest between pH 6. 5 and 7. 5. Microbes select approximately 80-90% peeing and I f placed in a outcome with a h igh solute concentration will lose body of pee which causes shrinkage of the cell. near bacteria attain adapted so well to high salt concentrations that they in truth require them for maturement. atomic number 7 and phosphorus are particularly scathing because they ofttimes mastery the rates of photosynthesis. cytosine is significantly more(prenominal) abundant than each of them and oxygen and sulfur are more abundant that phosphorous. due north and phosphorous are less available to launchs relative to their ontogenesis requirements than are other elements. Phosphorus is often in defraud supply and limits plant and algae harvest-home. due north is a study constituent of all proteins and of all supporting organisms. A lack of nitrogen can limit harvest-festival of plants, since nearly leash quarters of its breeze consists of natural gas, N2. REFERENCES A New expression to Look at Microorganisms. (n. d). American Scientist, 93(6), 514.Bacterial Growth Requirem entsThe nutritional requirements of a bacterium such as E Coli are revealed by the cells chief(a) composition.These elements are found in the form of water, inorganic ions, downcast molecules and macromolecules which serve all a structural or functional role in the cells. Bacteria grow by four-spot things oxygen, food (nutrients), oestrus and time but two others can be moisture and acidity. Nutrients are require for energy, nitrogen (for desoxyribonucleic acid and proteins), phosphorus (for energy), and others. warmheartedness is needed so the bacteria can stay warm. group O is needed so the bacteria can make energy and time is needed for the bacteria to pinpoint binary fission over and over again. Acidity is needed so the bacteria can survive in its environment. extremely base or acidic environments may harm the bacteria and hinder its lifespan. In order to survive and grow, microorganisms require a source of energy and nourishment. Bacteria are the most naive forms of m icroorganisms but are composed of a great assortment of simple and multifactorial molecules and are able to carry out a coarse range of chemical transformations. Depending on their requirements and the source of energy apply they are classified ad into different nutritional groups. Most microorganisms grow well at the normal temperatures prospered by man, higher plants and animals.Certain bacteria grow at temperatures (extreme heat or cold) at which few higher organisms can survive. Most bacteria grow beaver in an environment with a differentiate pH range near neutrality between pH 6. 5 and 7. 5. Microbes stimulate got approximately 80-90% water and I f placed in a declaration with a higher solute concentration will lose water which causes shrinkage of the cell. well-nigh bacteria have adapted so well to high salt concentrations that they genuinely require them for growth. newton and phosphorus are particularly circumstantial because they often prevail the rates of p hotosynthesis. carbon paper is significantly more abundant than either of them and oxygen and sulfur are more abundant that phosphorous. north and phosphorous are less available to plants relative to their growth requirements than are other elements. Phosphorus is often in swindle supply and limits plant and algae growth. atomic number 7 is a major constituent of all proteins and of all lifetime organisms. A lack of nitrogen can limit growth of plants, since nearly third quarters of its glory consists of natural gas, N2. REFERENCES A New port to Look at Microorganisms. (n. d). American Scientist, 93(6), 514.

Interactions of hazardous materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Interactions of hazardous materials - Essay ExampleTotal dose of rem determines how much the radiation can harm a person. A 25 rem dosage of radiation causes changes that can be detected in the blood while doses around 100 rems normally wear outt have immediate effects. Radiation of 50 rems causes nausea, 55 rem fatigue, 70 rem vomiting, 75 hair loss, 90 diarrheas, 100 hemorrhage and four hundred can possibly cause death within a period of 2 months. 1,000 rems cause destruction of intestinal lining and death within two weeks while rem of 2,000 damages the central nerve system and causes death within minutes (Walker, 2006).In Three Mile Island incident, the radiation that was released was minimal, far beneath the levels associated with health effects resulting from radiation exposure. In the incident, 2.4 million curies of radioactive noble gases and 16 curies of radioiodines were released (Mac Kinney & Schoch, 2003). The resulted average radiation dose to people living in that de mesne was 1.4 mrem. In chest X-ray, a patient receives 3.2 mrem this is twice more than the radiation released during the incident. In the Chernobyl incident in the Soviet Union, the radiation level in some areas was about 20,000 roentgens per hour and this cause death to some workers. Average radiation dose for the people who was affected most was 120 mSv this was mainly those who were assisting in the recovery operation and a dosage of 30 mSv for the evacuated

Population growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

race step-up - Essay Example( naughty birth esteem) (Keyfitz 1-75). THESIS STATEMENT This radical intends to provide a brief idea about the concept of commonwealth growth, along with the merits and demerits of this item aspect in the Canadian context. POPULATION GROWTH IN CANADA This part of the paper will specifically highlight the rate of population growth that has been find. With the aid of proper analysis it has been noticed that in the year 2011 33,476,688 people were listed in the census. This particular figure indicated almost twice the figure as compared to the year 1961 and around 10 times higher as compared to the 1861 Census. Between 2006 and 2011, Canadas population has been estimated to take a leap by 5.9%, which was slightly up as compared to the previous design of 2001 to 2006, when it took a leap by 5.4%. Canadas population growth, which was recorded between the years 2006 and 2011 represent to be highest among all the G8 countries (Canada, France, Germany, I taly, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, United States and The European Union) which are considered to have the largest economies in the world, as compared to the population growth rate in the previous period i.e. (2001 to 2006). ... However, the rate of Ontarios population growth has been seen to slightly decline during the past five years period to 5.7%, it was recorded as the lowest ever decrease in the level since the period between 1981to1986. Between the years 2006 to 2011, highest rate of population growth in Alberta were located. The growth in population was not only observed by Canada but most provinces met with a leap in the population rate between the years 2006-2011. In the entire metropolitan part along with non-metropolitan areas of Canada, large amount of population growth has been observed. The overall population growth was registered as an increase of 7.4 % in the year 2006 (Canada.gc.ca, The Canadian Population in 2011 Population Counts and Growth). Thus, from the abov e results, it has been learned that the population growth in Canada has been quite high and similarly other G8 countries also had variable amount of growth rate in terms of Population but Canada seemed to have the highest amount as compared to other nations. TRENDS OF POPULATION GROWTH IN THE WORLD The concept of population growth can be argued to pose certain problems in the world economy. With every increase in the birth rate when compared with the decreased death rate, the economy of a particular nation may have to face numerous issues pertaining to economic growth. Mostly less developed countries are likely to be effected with high rate in population growth (Haub, Fact Sheet World Population Trends 2012). A diagram representing the trends of population growth which shows the possibilities of increase in population by the year 2050 has been cited below Source (Haub, Fact Sheet World Population Trends 2012). Less developed

In the Service of My Lord Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In the Service of My Lord - Essay ExampleThere, it flashed in me what it was to be a true confederate of Jesus Christ who pleaded to the Heavenly Father when crucified on the Cross, Father, forgive them for they know not what they do (Luke 2334). Forgiveness doe not come well to even ordinary human beings like me. So then, how was it that He, the Holy Spirit, who had within Him the power to speak to the Father who was in Heaven directly, could pray for their forgiveness If He, parole of God, could pray to His Father for forgiveness of those who have been so cruel to Him, was it because He was weak I knew even such a thought was preposterous. To the contrary, it was because He cute to teach us mortals, the power of forgiveness, the power of prayer. He showed us by His own example, how to forgive, how to pray I was moved when I realized this, and a impertinent calm settled in me after this episode.I resolved to take Christ as my Guiding Spirit ever since and truly believe that His word has been a lamp to my feet and a light for my path (Psalm 119105). I devoted myself to my studies then on, and have successfully completed my schooling, to the best of my ability. However, the above experience has never left my memory and has do me believe that I can progress in my spiritual as well as social life, by following the path of the Holy Gospel. tuition has always been important to our family.

Window-based application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Window-based application - Essay ExampleIt should be able to work, in the same way, as opposite training. With this, it will be possible to cut the costs that are associated with the need for employees to travel to Chicago. This kind of training will include a broad aim of activities from the provision of orientation for new employees and the opening of various offices in new areas (Bell, Reddy & Rainie, 2004).Besides face-to-face training rules, also other numerous methods and materials are usable to help managers equip and prepare their employees to perform better in their work. The use of several methods in each of the training sessions is one of the effective ways through which employees can learn and retain the information. Successful implementation of such plans will require a number of considerations. As such, as members of the HRD team, it will be indispensable to understand the costs and other needs in using the That is to say they make it a challenging task to come up with the best method to implement. kind of technology. One of the types of technologies includes the computer-based form of technology. Besides these, there are also online forms of technology as well as E-learning (ASTD, 2001).It is becoming rampant because of the widespread accessibility of technology. Technology is also becoming comfortable to use. As such, they help to enhance the traditional forms of training. They vary from the simplest programs that are composed of texts only to the more complex and sophisticated forms that make use of the Microsoft Windows Operating System.Most of these technological components require the knowledge of training consultants for development and implementation. There is a need for the trainers to know how to create and turn tail SharePoint presentations.In this sense, there are certain advantages that are linked to the use of this technology. It can be custom designed to suit different needs

Dell Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dell Inc - Research Paper Examplers (agents) manage to prevail support of directors concerning their practices, which do not deliver optimum level of value to the sh atomic number 18holders (principals) then the problem of agency, aggravates into corporate governance problem(Kashyap, Antia and Frazier). Therefore, governments use to intervene in these conformation of cases because, shareholders simply do not have sufficient resources and competencies to pinpoint a fraud on a directorial level. However, law bounds organizations to announce their financial military operation publically. At the same instance, governmental financial law enforcement agencies analyze the organisational practices of corporations in order to quantify their compliance with the general premises of maximization of shareholders wealth(Wojcik). However, modernly governments are planting their representatives in board of directors, so that they can monitor the fulfillment of the promises made by managers to sha reholders in real time.Another purpose of this paper is to deposit hybrids of widely accepted organizational structures worldwide. However, for this purpose it is important to note that there are two basic organizational structures known to the world, which are centralized and decentralise formations of organizations(Homburg, Jensen and Haiin). The former wholeness is characterized with centric leadership and authority therefore, all of the departments take orders and instructions from a formalized chain of command. On the other hand, the latter one can be defined as something, which is attributed with delegation of authority and job autonomy. Under this mechanism, top management is only responsible for providing broad objectives for middle and grade management to achieve. Nevertheless, top management in this case does not concern itself to the operational layout through which intended goals are being fulfilled. But, with the passage of time, centralized organizational setting e volved into as structure with a separate department for innovative project

The Cold War and the Color Line Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Cold War and the Color Line - Assignment ExampleInternational built in bed in the late 1950s - early 1960s swordplayed domestic discrimination into a literally vital issue that might affect the forthcoming of the whole world. World War II triggered the anti-colonial movement in Asia and Africa, and the balance of powers in the world - given approximate parity between the communist and capitalist blocks - depended upon what form of political establishment those new countries would choose. And again, in the 1950s several politicians tried to draw the attention of the federal official government to the link between discriminative domestic policies of racial segregation and failure of the American efforts to extend political influence over new Asian and African states. In 1952, Chester Bowles, U.S. Ambassador to India, pronounce a speech at Yale University in which he clearly specified the causes of repeated failures in those regions A year, or even a week in Asia is enough to convince any perceptive American that the colored peoples of Asia and Africa, who total two-thirds of the worlds population, seldom think about the United States without considering the limitations under which our 13 million Negroes be living (Dudziak, 2000 77).Being put on the verge of losing its international prestige the United States was forced to take serious efforts to improve the situation. The international pressure was attended by constantly growing domestic tension throughout the 1950s black population of the country expressed increasing ability to organize and check segregationist laws (Borstel humankindn, 2002). Thus, in December 1955, Rosa Parks, an African American woman refused to give up her seat in the bus to a White man in Montgomery, aluminum. The incident resulted in a one-day boycott against segregation on Public transportation and led to the emergence of the Montgomery Improvement Association headed by a young minister from Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Marti n King. After a year of struggle and numerous arrests, the Supreme Court outlawed segregationist laws of Alabama the name of Martin Luther King became known all over the world. Leaders of the emerging African American obliging rights movement met at the beginning of 1957 and established the gray Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). This organization led by King played a critically important role in the development of the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The black suffrage movement spread across the South where African Americans were in the majority but deprived of major political rights. condescension strong resistance of the white politicians, the Congress responded to the suffrage movement by passing the Civil Rights Act in 1957. The Act made it a federal crime to interfere with a citizens right to vote or be elected and established the Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of the law. Another Act passed in 1960 banned interfering with citizens right to vote ( Nowak and Rotunda, 1995).Gradually, black civil rights movement grew more organized and the civil rights struggle made a significant turn while in the 1950s civil rights actions, such as Montgomery boycott, were spontaneous, the 1960s saw a series of well-organized actions.

GLOBAL FINANCIAL MARKETS - LAW AND PRACTICE Essay

GLOBAL FINANCIAL MARKETS - LAW AND PRACTICE - Essay Example? According to Kravitt (1998), securitisation flora by employing superior knowledge about the behaviour of particular assets with the help of structures that could promote a more efficient management of assets.In most wakeless systems around the world, securitisation can only be achieved by separating the assets put down to the securitisation from the wealth or the originator, which is in this case, the B Bank of Ruritania. In order to separate the assets subject to securitisation from the wealth of the originator, such assets must be transferred to a special purpose vehicle (SPV). An SPV is a company whose sole purpose is to serve as a financing, holding, servicing, and liquidating assets (Kravitt et.al 1998). The isolation of the assets in securitisation is made to more efficiently deal with the indirect effects of securitisation such as but not limited to the following (1) the crusade of the parties to the transaction to cause such transfers to be true sales thereby effectively eliminating the ability of the originator to call on such assets in the slip where the originator becomes bankrupt (2) to cause the perfection of the purchasers interest in the assets which are made subject to the transfer, (iii) protection on the part of the SPV, its operations and structures to make the SPV loser remote2.Part of the securitization system is the issuance of asset-backed securities (ABS) and the securitisation of receivables. In the case of Milroy v Lord (1862)3, the court ruled that it is possible in equity to alienate a right under a contract, such as debt or other chosen action by the means of an equitable assignment or by a declaration of trust.4 By virtue of this decision of the Court, we can safely say that B Bank can exercise its right to exhaust the non-liquid assets into marketable securities. As it is, the requisites of the legality of the transaction are hereby fulfilled. Note that since the B Bank of Ruritania may use either the mortgage

To what extent do advertisements reinforce female gender stereotypes Essay

To what extent do advertisements reinforce egg-producing(prenominal) gender stereotypes - Essay ExampleThis To what extent do advertisements reinforce female gender stereotypes? essay outlines the image of women gender in the ads. The historic stereotyping of women was based on portraying this gender as weak, shy, beautiful, caring, sensitive and quiet individuals. They were shown as beauty objects with graduate(prenominal) respect. Most of the pictures used for advertisements were of plain, portless faces with graceful but least exposing dressing. Those advertisements were based on the idea that women are objects that must be looked at but not listened to. However, in recent years, such depiction of women is inexistent. Women are now portrayed as bold, sexy, stylish and heavy. Most of the advertisements capture them facing the camera with no expression of shyness or confusion on their faces. A number of advertisements have also shown a remarkable change in women appearance by portraying women adopting male behaviors, dressing, hairstyle and other traits. Redken advertisement is an example of such a portrayal where the female model has kept the hairstyle same as the male model. This has further changed the musical mode women are viewed as in the world. Here it can be said that the women by advertisements are portraying an image in which they are shown more strong and manly. Through these advertisements it is stereotyped that women can compete with men in any given field and has worked towards their image in the world. These type of advertisements would also allow the female counterparts to realize how strong and important they are in the world.

Improving One's Writing Skills via Mastering Literal Skills Essay - 2

Improving Ones Writing Skills via Mastering Literal Skills - Essay ExampleThe meticulously written articles in magazines and graphically vivid details illustrated by unfermented writers tend to be attractive, and challenging in willing me to write similar pieces of literal work but with my touch of originality.Writing began with piece of music letters to my friends rear end in Korea and informing them of the changes and differences in culture between the two countries. The intriguing part was the ability to capture the details and put them in a hot language portraying my actual emotions and interests abut a new country. I also kept a diary and a journal to document the terrene occurrences in my life, as well as all my embarrassing moments. I find writing enjoyable as I can express that which I feel without any inhibitions of offending others or having to withhold my true emotions. This is achieved through keeping a diary and writing short stories, although not everyone gets to r ead them, draw off my close friends and family. In addition, writing helps to think clearly by putting my train of thought in sequential order for later reference. This way it helps arise my thoughts to come up with logical explanations and rational thought thus my love for writing.My writing ability is not that good yet, but I enjoy writing any works that I can think of. I believe I hold good potential in bettering my writing skills to a high level of communication and interaction with the readers of my works. I think I lack the ability to draw and capture the attention of readers for extended periods. This is in terms of dimension their attention and keeping them interested as most of my works tend to be a rollercoaster of interest and disinterest, all depending on the readers emotional and logical inclination. In this course, I hope to develop the ability to master literal skills so that my written works do not end up sounding bland, universal or below par.

Young People and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Young People and Politics - Essay ExampleWith respect to the second one, the electoral numbers of young people is indicative of a comprehensive dissatisfaction that is upsetting the overall British governmental scenario. The level of non-voting with all qualified adults is in inactive decrease for local, common as s well up as European legislative body voting, and there ar deteriorating levels of hope normally within British policy-making establishments, representatives and procedures (Wattenberg, 2011, p. 31). These improvements have brought a few to talk about there being a catastrophe of legality that should be met by plans to boost nationality as well as prompt a strengthened egalitarian order. The Governments plan of legal alteration tries to deal with these concerns regarding nationality and involvement in egalitarian dealings. In a different place, the financial as well as communal research committee has set up a particular research agendum on parliamentary government a nd contribution to look into such issues. In addition, the Crick Report thinks about the systems by which young people may dilate a commitment with the semipolitical procedure, and recommends bringing in constitutional nationality courses into teaching at educational institutions (Buckingham, 2000, p. 42). This paper deals with these issues with respect to young people, and adds to the hypothetical perceptive of political involvement within Britain. Besides, it reviews the growth of innovative proposals planned to make the administrative structure more responsive to younker issues and additionally flexible to support youth involvement within democratic dealings. It is claimed that mutually, these will facilitate to set in the perception that young people have a chance in society in addition to a responsibility to play as full citizens (Henderson et al, 2010, p. 88). There is rising apprehension between government circles that young people are turning more and more detached from p olitics as well as the egalitarian structure. Contemporary opinion is that this improvement calls into question the legitimacy of the political system itself (Fahmy, 2006, p. 21) and that it is as well causing the rise of a disappointed as well as reckless youth generation. This is exemplified by their obvious hesitancy to follow the regulation, to act by the set of laws, or to provide financial support for the requirements of others. Surely, the pace of voting turnout with young people during latest elections has prosecute a stable descending tendency. During the earlier nationwide voting of 2002, merely 59 percent of 18 eld to 24 years olds voted in proportion with a common turnout of 82.1 percent. Recently, the second figure was 71 percent, the smallest ballot from the war, with merely 65 percent of an approximate turnout come out for 18 years to 24 years olds of 68 percent (Fahmy, 2006, p. 21). On the other hand, a number of studies have recommended that whereas young people may be less have-to doe with in official politics as compared to other (elder) age groups, this sort of a growth is not necessarily predictable, and nor does it hint at a leave out of concern in politics as such. Instead, a number of authors have revealed that young people are apprehensive with reference to issues that are political in nature, but that these apprehensions stay further than the limits of how politics is traditionally recognized. As a result, several studies have revealed that this faction do have a high rate of involvement in different types of charitable as well as campaigning movement - the outcomes of which were projected to attain various political as well as communal alteration - without taking into account this step as essentially political. In addition, young people

Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in the United Kingdom Essay

Adoption of Renewable zero Technologies in the United Kingdom - Essay ExampleA huge proportion of the worlds vital force resources come from ingrained gases, fossil fuels, and nuclear fuels. These types of energy sources emit harmful chemicals and residues in the atmosphere, on the soil and in various bodies of water, which argon harmful to the environment. Recent studies estimate that the bespeak for energy will increase affectedly within the next few decades. Many scientists around the world agonize over the postulated insufficiency of natural gases which are now considered to be finite and unsustainable. Also, global environmental problems like global warming call for cleaner energy sources in order to preclude degenerative developments in the worlds environmental conditions. The running down of United Kingdoms vast energy resources, along with the forecasted escalation of the worlds energy consumption imperils its energy security. Jamieson 2 Sole reliance on fossil and nuclea r fuels void its commitment to reducing energy consumption and cutting carbon emissions. The national administration now turns to exploiting renewable energy sources that will increase energy supply. The adoption of renewable energy will also help in the decarbonization of the atmosphere use Carbon and Capture Technology. The Department of Energy and Climate Changes Office for Renewable Energy Development exerts effort in order to reckon how this transformation can be achieved and to discuss the possible barriers that may debar adoption of renewable energy. How to achieve development of diverse renewable resources The implementation of renewable energy technologies in the United Kingdom can meet the target to deliver 15% of the UKs energy consumption from renewable resources by 2020 (Department of Energy and Climate Change, Renewable Energy). There are eight (8) renewable resources technologies that will be used to generate at least 15% of the come in energy consumption in the U nited Kingdom by 2020. These are the following (1) Onshore wind (2) Offshore wind (3) Marine Energy (4) Biomass electricity (5) Biomass Heat (6) Air-source and Ground-source heat pumps (7) Renewable Transport (8) Solar and Geothermal Technologies. The national government should focus on the following measures in order to achieve these developments 1. enabling access to the grid. Deployment of energy generated by renewable energy resources cannot be completed without access to the grid. This can make or break the plan. The government must date that grids are supplied on all renewable energy sites in order to ease deployment actions. Jamieson 3 2. Making sure of a sustainable supply of bioenergy. Bioenergy is seen to mayhap contribute almost half of the total energy production needed to meet the 15% target. However, matters pertaining to its sustainability may reduce the use of bioenergy. 3. Technological Advancement. A everlasting upgrade on the technical support is needed to ele vate efficiency on the deployment of energy throughout the country. While tools and equipment used in some forms of renewable energy technologies are relatively advanced, others are yet struggling with having the comparatively outmoded technology.

All Philosophical Problems Caused by Sloppy Reasoning Essay

All Philosophical Problems Caused by Sloppy Reasoning - Essay ExampleClearly, philosophical problems remain, though Wittgenstein had felt that he had single-minded them finally enough to retire after publishing the Tractatus (Richter, 2004). But by solving the issue of language, one can make sure that one is not making a mountain out of a molehill, asking absurd issues or creating issues where there are none. Anyone who has had the unpleasant experience of talking at cross-purposes with soul else knows that many problems are simply caused by poor assumptions as to what terms mean. Kripke suggests that Wittgensteins work boils down to a sceptical challenge. The terms of this challenge dubiety that anything said can be unequivocally meaningful. The strongest case against the sceptical position would be mathematics. Philosophers since the sceptical revolution of epistemology that Hume led have largely agreed that complete, tight knowledge of the empirical world is impossible. But mat h and logic are sometimes held to be beyond this. Yet Wittgensteins work, being semantical and semiotic, actually impugns even math. 2 + 2 = 4 is straight forward enough, but to be sensible, one has to assume that it is meant that the symbol 2 matches the concept of two, that the plus sign intend an addition, and that the equals sign indicates an equation (Kusch). Strictly speaking, in Kripkes view, one cannot make those assumptions. The sceptical challenge is thus ontological rather than epistemic the sceptic seeks to show not that you are somehow unable to track the facts of what you mean, but that there are no facts for you track. To decode 2 + 2 = 4 requires more than the rules of mathematics, no matter how compressed It requires socially agreed-upon assertability conditions, like 2 is two, + indicates the mathematical function of addition and = means the equal function. In strict Chinese or any non-Arabic turn language, 2 + 2 = 4 is gibberish in Roman, the closest one would get would be II + II = IV.

Comparing and contrast efficiency of on job training and e-learning in Research Proposal

Comparing and contrast qualification of on job training and e-learning in the petrochemical plants - look Proposal ExampleThe research study will identify how valuable training is for employees at the petrochemical plants and for employees working at the petrochemical industry. Training techniques will also be analyzed and compared, and the effectiveness of these training manners will be discussed.Petrochemical industry is an important industry for the economy and employees working in the industry need to be cost-efficient and trained (Harris, 2012). This research study will be helpful for the employees, managers, researchers, economists and other concerned person as it will help in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of employees as well as in enhancing safety measures at the workplace particularly of the organizations in the petrochemical industry.The research study will include divers(prenominal) sub-topics as well. For instance, the research will also analyze differen t training methods that are helpful in the industry. The research will analyze how on-job training and e-learning method can be effective. The research will also suggest and recommend different strategies to further enhance the existing system and training methods employ.Training is used to develop the skills and capabilities of the employees. Training is helpful in managing the workforce and their productivity. Training is also helpful in making sure that the employees are safe from any word form of chemicals used or present at the plant (Cogent, n.d.). training helps in enhancing the productivity level of the employees. It is considered as an investment and the returns of this investment are reported in the form of higher productivity, enhancement of skills of employees, ability to better manage the tasks and several other benefits (Bartel, 2000). Training is an important aspect of motivating the human mental imagery. Human resource is considered as the main asset that gives th e organization competitive advantage. Thus,

Reasons (not) to get married Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reasons (not) to get married - Essay ExampleTherefore, overwhelming life commission is a good reason not to get married.Considering the increasing financial challenges facing a large proportion of the global population, beginning, and supporting a family becomes a painstakingly difficult endeavor. Actually, success in supporting a family lies largely on financial stability. Therefore, it can be argued that individuals who are financially challenged should prefer not getting married (Kaetu-Smith 93).Some important people in the society such(prenominal) as music artists derive their identity from being single. In such cases, getting married may be seen as a compromise to the personal or iconic identity. Indeed, many music celebrities have opted to go it all and perhaps only adopt a child when need arises. For instance, Bill Maher decided to remain single. Therefore, individuals seeking to retain their social identity can realize this as a good reason not to get married. Another nota ble reason why not to get married is because of health issues. Whereas, coupling partners become particularly helpful in time of need, some health problems become an overwhelming burden to a partner. For instance, it is better for a person damage from advanced stages of cancer or AIDS to remain

Social Educational Theories Essay Example for Free

Social Educational Theories EssayEducation plays a major role in some(prenominal) smart set. But the specifics involved in this role argon still subject to debate. That is, the methods of teaching, the strategies of handling students, the style of managing schools, and the goals and standards of the reproductional system reserve been the subject of deliberation and reflection among educators, psychologists and social theorists. Educational systems give way also substituted numerous times by means ofout history and such changes be often the results of the offshoot of social theories that influence the decisions of policy makers. In this research paper, four social theories will be examined functionalism, Marxism, interpretivism, and post-modernism. These four social theories will be comp atomic number 18d and their force plays and weaknesses will be discussed. In doing so, this paper will to what extent do these social theories explain the function of pedagogy in Amer i go off fellowship and how do these theories compare with the realist theory. What is functionalism?Functionalism is believed to have been developed by several philosophers in the nineteenth century but it was only during the early part of the twentieth century, the 1930s, did this social theory take official form in the United States through the work of Talcott Parsons. Unlike the earlier social theories that treat society as one vaguely defined system, functionalism boasts of steering on the separate of the system and how these parts interact and influence each other. The parts have needs that the other parts can meet and this is wherefore the parts exist in a state of cooperation.The system is then considered to be in equilibrium. However, the functionalists also recognize the changing nature of this system and that the parts adjust to these changes towards a new equilibrium (Parsons, 1951). Strengths and weaknesses. In the bowl of study, the major lastingnesss of function alism lies on the emphasis of interdependence and a path of evolutionary change that is non dramatic or chaotic. This is because the functionalists shun conflict and believed that any conflict can be avoided because each individual is influenced by the societys norms.If an individual scorns these norms, thither would be consequences such as social disapproval or even imprisonment. Unfortunately, despite the discouraging presence of these consequences, and based on the history of the world, the history of the American society, and of American education, conflict seemed to be significantly present. This made the tenets of functionalism naive and incomplete. Within the classroom, a functionalist teacher may induce the students to behave in an equilibrium-producing manner by emphasizing the classroom norms and the consequences that are given if such norms are ignored.Some of the consequences readiness be time-out, lower grades, suspension, and other sanctions. Again, similar to the gr eater society, the classroom society may have a few students who are not deterred by the consequences. This is not because the student intends to create conflict but because there might be several(prenominal) needs of the students that were not met. In the same way, there would be dissent and rotary motions if social problems, such as poverty and tyranny, persist and come to a point when they become unbearable (Ballantine, 1997).Functionalism and education in an American society. Within the American society, functionalism might propose that the whole education system is entrusted with the responsibility of conflux one particular need of the society to produce responsible and productive citizens. From one perspective, this functionalist role of the educational system may explain the function of education in America. This is because one of the purposes of the current NCLB or No Child Left Behind Act is to produce highly skilled citizens, who will be emulous in the global market ( U.S. Department of Education, 2004).Another perspective of functionalist that can describe the changes in the educational system in America is the image of equilibrium. For example, the American society realizes that it needed to have better teachers and better students. The educational system responds by establishing standards and a more extensive evaluation procedure for school performance. Unfortunately, these twain perspectives seem to be the only obvious connection between functionalism and education in a modern American society. Functionalism and realism.In the same manner, the aims of functionalist education get-up-and-go not deem with the educational aims of realism, which is to produce perfection in an individual. Despite this difference in stated goals, functionalism and realism indirectly agree on some aspects of pedagogical methodology, such as the use of positive rewards. Functionalists espouse negative consequences for misbehavior while realists applaud positive re wards for admirable behavior (Merton, 1968). What is Marxism? Marxism is essentially a critical theory, which means that it seeks to reveal the negative and detrimental characteristics of an existing system.In this case, Marxism critiques capitalism. The major criticism is the way capitalist societies prey on the people who are stricken by poverty or possess vulnerabilities (Kellner, 1989). For example, capitalists praise the industrial revolution, which brought astir(predicate) rapid economic progress. The Marxists reveal the other side of industrial revolution that is unpleasant, which is the exploitation of children. Children, who may be as young as three years old, are allowed to work in factories (Cody, 2002). Strengths and weaknesses.In the field of education, the major strength of Marxism is the emphasis on teaching methods that encourage critical thought process. Marxists teacher engage in teaching approaches that develop collaboration and independence. Marxists teachers a re critical of methods that only solicit emulation and passive listening. Thus, some of the preferred methods of the Marxist approach to education are hands-on activities, cooperative learning, and constructivist methods (Kellner, 1989). However the social theory developed by Karl Marx often deludes clear understanding among philosophers, psychologists, and educators.This is because the terms employ by Marxists are interpreted in a different way by the largely plethoric capitalist society. And here lies the major weakness of Marxism. It cannot be completely understood and its tenets are viewed negatively by the society. Marxism and education in an American society. Politically, the American society is primarily against Marxism. It might be because America is a capitalist country or because Marxism is vaguely understood. In the area of education, however, the aim of Marxism to have students who are assailable of calculateing independently and critically agrees with the aim of ma ny American teachers.There is a campaign towards the creation of questions that encourage critical and creative thinking. There is also an emphasis towards the creation of activities that encourage collaboration. But, the other Marxist educational aim, which is to produce individuals who will lead radical changes in the society, does not agree with the function of education in the modern American society. The American society may welcome critical-thinking individuals but these individuals must conform to well-established norms. Marxism and realism. Some aspects of Marxism agree with realism especially about the view on knowledge.One of the pillars of realism, Francis Bacon, cautioned people to be aware of factors that prevent the acquisition of truth, such as limited experience, popularity, religion, and prejudice. Being cautious about these conditions equates to thinking critically. Another tenet of realism, which is espoused by Russell, states that education must lead towards the solutions of the ills that the society has. This can be translated into the radical changes that Marxists wanted. Unfortunately, Marxism is too radical for many realists and these two schools of thoughts are difficult to merge (Grabb, 1990).What is interpretivism? Interpretivism is one of the lesser-known social theories that emphasize the convergence of truth and perception. That is, the truth is similar to what is perceived. Since there might be different perceptions among individuals, these individuals must agree to one level of perception that is unanimously accepted. Once accepted, the common perception becomes a reality. Essentially, the reality that interpretivists create is based on the perceptions of the individuals. Due to this nature of reality, interpretivism can be perceived as a process rather than a theory.That is, in the field of social research, a societys reality is obtained through interpretivism. And in the field of law, individuals must agree upon the interpret ation of practices, statutes, and legal duties (Brink, 2001). These individuals, therefore, must have another basis for their agreement on interpretations. The basis is the set of norms and set of the society. Stated in this way, interpretivism can be deemed similar to functionalism, in which individuals or the parts of the society must conform to norms. And with regards to norms, both interpretivism and functionalism are opposed to Marxism.Strengths and weaknesses. In the field of education, the major strength of interpretivism is that it attempts to develop creativity in the learners, teachers, and education researchers. An object does not remain a simple object but takes on other forms. For example, a chair is no longer a simple chair but a place of rest, a symbol of sentimental moments, or a private corner. All these and more can be the forms of the chair. In this manner, the students not only develop creativity but a degree of straight-from-the-shoulder mindedness that will b e useful in a global community (Vrasidas, 2001).Unfortunately, interpretivism lacks the structure that many educators wanted. This lack of structure is probably due to the history of interpretivism which is a critical theory of positivism. Thus, Marxism and interpretivism have one thing in common both are critical theories that offer a contradiction to an existing and ascendent theory. Interpretivism and education in an American society. In the modern American society, interpretivism has been limited to the area of research. Due to this, it cannot be reliably utilized to explain the function of education in the American society.Except for the goal of producing creative thinkers, the interpretivists do not offer much detail or position regarding the teaching and learning processes. At the same time, there are tenets of interpretivism that contradicts the present educational system. For example, Interpretivists, due to their interpretation of reality, may not agree to the presence of standards and political program. They may also want to change the predominant methods of evaluation. Interpretivism and realism. The concept of reality between interpretivism and realism are conflicting.The reality of interpretivism is based on the perceptions of people whereas the reality of realism exists even without the presence of any person who can perceive such reality. Due to the opposing nature of reality, there would also be opposing perceptions about the nature of knowledge, which leads to differences in curriculum (Shinn, 2004). What is post-modernism? Similar to Marxism and interpretivism, post-modernism rose at the heels of a dominant existing theory. In this case, that theory was modernism.But, unlike the two previously described social theories, post-modernism adopts many of the tenets of modernism, which are futuristic in nature. Both modernism and post-modernism see a world that is not categorized by labels but fused. For example, in literature, there are no ge nres that separate poems and stories. But, there is no existing and recognized unity because both modernists and post-modernist realize the fragmented nature of the world. The difference between modernism and post-modernism is the attitude that the proponents and pursual have towards this fragmentation and ambiguity.The modernists are saddened by it while the post-modernist embrace it. For example, post-modernist artists display their delight and fascination with chaos and disorganization (Heartfield, 2002). Strengths and weaknesses. In the field of education, the major strength of post-modernism is its ability to embrace and utilize the rapidly changing, chip-driven world. The teachers who are influenced by post-modernism will have the needed flexibility and adaptability to maintain and create direction for the students.For example, the meteoric overdress of estimators and other electronic gadgets might drag a teacher from his comfort zone and make him less effective. The post-m odernist teacher would embrace the changes and will become computer savvy, along with his students. However, the post-modernist approach to education might endanger other aspects of the teaching and learning process. This is because the learning process needed structure and order a concept that is not respected by post-modernist (Klages, 2007). Post-modernism and education in an American society.The theory of post-modernism might be used to explain the function of education in a modern American society, which is to help the learners adapt to their changing world. Obviously, the world perceived by the learner will change constantly and continuously. But, many of the educators and policy-makers in the American society will have second thoughts regarding this eager attitude towards change. Embracing the change might not be the best action to take. However, post-modernism wanted the students to think less of subject but more of purpose (Sarup, 1993).For example, the student must first determine his reasons why he must get a college degree. In this manner, post-modernism is aligned with the other social theories. However, post-modernism, at this moment, could not be utilized to fully explain the function of education in American society. Post-modernism and realism. Post-modernism, in the field of education, is not compatible with realism. This is because realism values the influence of science whereas post-modernism shins the importance of science. However, post-modernism embraces technological advances.These technological advances will not be possible without science. This attitude might lead to some compromise with the attitude of realists towards science. Realists believe that science will influence philosophies and post-modernists recognize the influence of changes. The function of education in the contemporary American society cannot be described fully by using only one social theory. A composite of these social theories must be used because the present Ameri can society has an eclectic view of the function of education.

Shakespeare presents the concept Essay Example for Free

Shakespeare presents the concept EssayThe contacts main characters are two of the most powerful people in the world, Antony being a member of the triumvirate, a coalition controlling the majority of the globe, and Cleopatra the Queen of Egypt, a feisty lady with a strong will who in the past has been linked with many other world leaders, a point which is often referred to throughout the play Cleopatra Did I, Charmian, / Ever get along Caesar so? . Due to their status, the authority they hold and the power they eat up over people is clearly going to be a main theme as it affects many of their actions, decisions and feelings as the play progresses, to great consequence. There are a number of strong characters all trying to gain the upper hand at every opportunity. This is shown eventide in petty matters such as who gives in and sits down first in the falsely courteous power exchange among Antony and Caesar on Antonys visit to Rome in Act 2, Scene 2. Caesar Welcome to Rome. Ant ony Thank you. Caesar Sit. Antony Sit, sir. Caesar Nay then. Caesar sits, then Antony This is comic moment from Shakespeare, but it does also intimate the ongoing power struggle within the triumvirate.The scene can be looked at from two angles it could be argued that, as it is Antony who wins this small exchange, the event aims to highlight the cleverness he possesses at the height of his career in order to provide a contrast for his lack of authority at the closing stages of the play on the other hand it could also perhaps be seen as an early sign of his decline, as he is so desperate to gain authority he has reduced himself to pettiness, contrasting with the behaviour of Caesar who acts the bigger man without the need to win this small battle as he believes he can win the substantial thing, an inner confidence not present within Antony.The contrast between the characters behaviour is shown again more clearly in Act 3, Scene 13 where in a desperate struggle to maintain some auth ority Antony has Caesars messenger, Thidias, whipped for no good reason other than to prove he does still have some control. Antony I am / Antony yet. Take hence the jack and whip him This is an interesting juxtaposition to the previous scene where Caesar has received Antonys ambassador most courteously, even ensuring he returns safely back to his master, Caesar Bring him through the bands. The difference in approach is most probably because Antony realises whilst his life and leadership is on a tranquilize decline, the younger boy Caesar is gaining experience, power and control with each day that passes. Shakespeare has shown Antonys frustration at this through his actions and poor decision making, both on a in the flesh(predicate) and professional level. The power relationship between the lovers is also a main focus of the play and is a very interesting one displayed by Shakespeare in many ways.Enobarbuss description of the pairs first meeting at the river Cydnus, Act 2, Scene 2 is not only a beautiful story with wonderful terminology and imagery, it also gives an interesting insight into the direction the relationship will take. Antony invites the Queen to dine with him, but instead of complying she decides the night will be on her scathe and changes the arrangements so he became her guest.This is a shocking response as Antony, Whom neer the word of No woman heard speak, is not employ to being rejected. It makes him immediately interest in and intrigued by her. It also gives her the power in the relationship right from the start she is the one calling the shots. Another interesting technique used by Shakespeare is the idea of gender reversal Antonys manhood being transferred to Cleopatra.This is shown in many instances throughout the play the first of which comes in Act 1 Scene 2 where Enobarbus mistakes the footsteps of Cleopatra for those of Antony Enobarbus Hush, here comes Antony. Charmian Not he, the Queen. This can either be seen as a genuine mistake in which case the audience can only come upon the walk of Cleopatra is actually very similar to that of Antony alternatively, it could be read that Enobarbus is being a bit cheeky and inferring the gender reversal he believes is taking come to the fore between the two of them.Either way it is an interesting comment which, although can not be reflected on at the time by the audience as Cleopatra starts talking, it does introduce the idea which re-emerges on many occasions later on in the play. A physical representation of this comes in Act 2, Scene 5 where a description of a night in which the couple got very drunk and exchanged clothes is given Cleopatra Then put my tires and mantles on him, whilst I wore his sword Philippian. This displays the exchange which has occurred very clearly and depending on the director it could even be shown visually to the audience. The sword mentioned is just one of many phallic symbols used by Shakespeare and it is used on many occasions oft en representing Antonys fading masculinity, Antony My sword, made weak by my affection. One recurring quality in the play is how perceptive the other characters are to the events going on around them nothing seems to go unnoticed.The gender reversal I have been referring to is also picked up on by the Romans and is described here in Act 1, Scene 4 by Caesar (Antony) is not more manlike Than Cleopatra, nor the Queen of Ptolemy More womanly than he This is clearly seen as a weakness and is one way Antony is losing his authority as a world power he is losing the respect of his contemporaries, an example of the travel guidebook the relationship takes, finally becoming more destructive than creative and leading to the couples eventual downfall.The gender issues are not the only ones to be noticed by the other characters. Antonys constant struggle for power does not go unnoticed by the soldiers, especially Ventidius who, in Act 3, Scene 1 describes how he hushed from being too impressiv e in battle so as not to threaten Antonys authority Better to leave undone than, by our deed, realise too high a fame when him we serves away.

Writing a brief response and answering questions

Writing a brief response and answering questionsThe document places contrivance as the visual expression of an idea or experiment and it requires skill and a medium to be reverberateed. I feel that the way the school text literally reads, can be translated to cut prohibited close to things. Music for instance is a form of art that isnt visual that however needs a medium, can be enjoyed without the visual aspect. Poetry for instance doesnt really need a medium unless it is writen,sp or if you include a persons spzvoice as a medium to re-sight the poems. Neither of those things need to be look atn. I may boast taken the text more literal than needed however I felt same the books interpretation of what art is isnt broad enough for me.I did say that the artwork by Janet Echelman in the introduction was beautiful and was well expressed. I would love to see that in action.-1 pt. 2.In your own words, define art?I define art as something produced out of a creative mind. How do you define a creative mind? An idea brought to spiritedness, music, song lyrics/poetry, food, body art, interior design, terpsichore anything that you can produce from an idea, no matter if it is verbally, physically or materialistic.3.Does art have to be visual and tangible? ExplainNo, as I state before music and poetry atomic number 18 both things that atomic number 18 not visual and unless writen sp or recorded they be not constantly tangible. Dance is another(prenominal) good example of untangible sp art eve though it is visually expressed and enjoyed.4.For the sake of argument lets say that the art world consists broadly of artists, artcritics, museums, galleries, art dealers, art historians, art educators, art students and those who enjoy and appreciate art. Consider art as those things specifically intended to be art. Do you think that you atomic number 18 greatly separated from the art world? Explain.-2pts. Answer is confusing. I do not feel separated, I also do not feel like a celebrity in this world? however I feel like art is everywhere, even those things specifically intended to be art. Every mean solar day in political machine you hear music, instruments and song lyrics. Buildings designed by architects, art work on the walls inside these buildings. All these things are intended to be art however we dont always acknowledge them as art. Really? Have you seen Chapter 12 in your text?5.Name 3 purposes of art and split up an example of each.Personal Expression Self depictions sp are use to express to the world who artist really is inside and how they feel about their place in life through their own eyes. Rembrandts self portrait sp is shown in the book. It shows he has a powerful presence. As Yong Soon Mins Dwelling, expressed her sense of alienation and absence from the rest of the world.Communicating Information Modern day picture books and storys for kidren to help them learn a story or a lesson. The book even gives an example as the staine d glass in churches, were formerly used to tell a biblical story to the illiterate.Visual Delight This to me seems like the more common purpose. Many things are created for the purpose of appearance re-models to give everyday house hold items a more modern and visually enjoyable look and feel. Even something as simple as the way a woman applies are make up sp diametrically in each society or social group within, is art for visual delight.-3 pts. Incomplete and unclear. 6.What are some of the ideas art can communicate? How do you see these ideascommunicated in your everyday life? Any other ideas? Art can communicate ghostly ideas and beliefs. Church seems to be the best example. As the book said before the stained glass windows were once used to tell the stories for those who cannot read. To the statues you see in different denominations, such as the catholic crucifix. Telling you of Jesus pain and sacrifice. Incomplete sentence. Even in Buddhism, the statue of Buddha depicts him as a large man, when in real life he was skinny with dysentery. However the larger image in that culture was imagery showing his happiness and quality of life. What?7. What structures or works of art are for spiritual sustenance? Are in that location any suchstructures in your community? Statues of religious figures, churches and temples are all works of art . In more Vietnamese nail salons in my area there are altars dedicated to Buddha, with gold statues and hand painted figurines, even bamboo is twisted and formed to represent luck. on that point are many paintings and pictures of the Virgin Mary in many Catholic and Spanish derived communities near by. sp All of these are works of art.8. Briefly describe the guinea pig matter in the art of Romare Bearden. Everything is crammed together. The people seemed to more focused on simple things such as smoking. There is a rocket headed for the lunation barely is barely visible and hidden in the back ground. The picture seems loud and busy.-2pts. 9. What does his art reveal about the time and place in which he (Bearden) lived?It seems that he lived in poverty, a large city, and around people who are oblivious to things in the world other than what is going on directly around him. He also tried to show that the black experience was also relatable to universals. See the quote in the text.-4pts. Did you read the list of traits on rogue 12? 10. What are three traits of creativity? -Being in touch with cardinals unconscious yet be intensely conscious. -Wondering and being curious Being able to analyze and evaluate subsequently reading the section in your book Art in the World, Early Encounters with the Artist Within answer questions 11 and 12.-2pts. Incomplete answer. 11. Do you think adult male have a need to be creative? Why or why not? Yes, for us to be able to design our houses, clothing, inventions that we have used to make life easier, as well as medicines and remedies from sickness.-2pts. 12. Respond to the question at the end of the section regarding what becomes of childrens extraordinary capacity? Reality, the more a child realizes or separates real life from imagination, the ore creativity is lost. What did you mean to say here? The more we teach a child how something should look the more they veer remote from the way they saw it. As I said in response to one of the discussions. One of the worst things we can do is teach out sp children to color in between the lines. And tell them the sky must be blue and the grass must be green. We teach them not to be creative.13. How do you see yourself as a creative human being? Elaborate. Yes I do, I notice my creativity more in problem solving ways ,and in organizational, and visually pleasing ways. My creativity is at its highest when I am given a problem to solve, when it comes to tangible items. I can build things without direction and loose havoc into a visually pleasing scene.-2 pts. 14.Is the work of the untrained or outsider a rtist valid as works of art? Why or why not? Yes, even when untrained it is still a creation of that persons thought or idea. And the art can still be appreciated even though the name isnt well known. There are many outsider artists who are very well known and have patrons who support them and their work. Sometimes I personally wonder if half of the people in the art world really aapreciate sp the art or the name signed to it. Oh you can bet there are people who care what name is on artart auctions prove that No matter what social group you find your self sp in there are always followers who are on the bandwagon. If you do no love a piece of art you shouldnt own it just for who created it. Creation is art, appreciation of one person is validation enough. What do you mean here?But you didnt answer the question.-1 pt.15. What is the difference between face and seeing? Explain. You can look at something and not really see it. Looking at something is mearly sp pointing your eyes at it, focusing and your brain transmitting what you visually saw. Seeing, is being able to understand, and interpret what you are looking at and even translate and find the meaning or message. Run-on sentence.-1 pt.16-18. Define representational, abstract and non-objective. Cite examples in the text to go with each definition. depictive Art in which it is the artists intention to present again or represent a particular subject, especially pertaining to realistic portrayal of subject matter.Example Photographs like the one by Lauren Greenfield taken of Dubai is a real depiction of the way this looks. As well as realistic self- portraits like the one of Rembrandt on page 6.Abstract Art that is based on natural appearance but departs significantly from them. Forms are modified or changed to varying degrees in order to punctuate certain qualities or heart. Recognizable references to original appearances may be very slight. The term is also used to describe art that is non representational. Example Romare Beardens Rocket to the moon Not sure that is considered abstract since many of the forms are recognizable.Non-Objective Art reference to anything outside its self, sp without representation. Without recognizable objects.Example Anna Zemankovas untitled piece on page 14-4pts. You appear to have missed the meaning of the form and the content. Please read the texts description. 19. Form is described as the total effect of what we see. Content refers to the meaning of the piece. How is the form and content similar/different in the artworks titled The Kiss by Rodin and Brancusi? The form as we see it in Rodins depiction is visually more realistic. It is a man and a women embarrassing sp in a kiss, in the nude, indicating it may lead further than that and unify them as one. Brancusis is visually less realistic and its content expresses more the idea of love than what it is in its literal meaning. Even though they are the same in the end. Incomplete sentence Rodins form allo ws you to figure out the content. It seems you must know the content of Brancusis before being able to really see the piece for what it is.-2pts. 20. Content isnt always what it appears to be as is the case in iconography. Defineiconography and elaborate on this as it applies to the painting on page 55 titledThe Virgin of Carmel Saving Souls from Purgatory.Iconography Is the symbolic meaning of sign, subjects and images used to amaze ideas important to particular cultures or religions and the conventions governing the use of such forms. In The Virgin of Carmel Saving Souls from Purgatory it is used many different times. The icon that seems to be almost widely know sp would be the white dove, many could look at this painting and know immediately that it represented the holy spirit because it has been used so often. The Virgin Mary is shown in a very recognizable way, holding baby Jesus, with the crown on her head. The text says that the fire shows the people trapped in purgatory, h owever some may see that as hell if they were unaware of the title of this piece, so I disagree that it is an example of iconography as the book states. Your text names many more symbols and their meanings.

HRM and Staff Turnover in the Hospitality Industry

HRM and Staff Turn over in the cordial reception IndustryCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 ruleFindings show extensive existing research in the line of business of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and how they office bene get an plaques business performance. Academics arouse that on that portend is a series or bundle of homosexual resource (HR) practices which be of great bene adjoin to an administration, for example, survival and healment, training and development, with disclose giving any consideration to some new(prenominal) calamity factors, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the size, structure or change stab markets of an plaque (Pfeffer, 1994a 1998b Huselid, 1995 cited in Gonzalez and Tacorante, 2004). This is cognize as the ruff practice glide path to HRM. There is as well a different contingent access code, known as the trounce-fit hail, which is subject upon the organisations strategic focus, arouseing that it is to a greater extent beneficia l for an organisation to use HR practices which atomic chassis 18 much than line up with its strategies and external environment (Legge in Storey, 2001). These two improvementes go out be discussed in to a greater extent detail in Chapter 2.Although the literature in the field of HRM shows a autocratic correlation between employee perceptions of HRM fairness and employee acceptance and satisfaction with HRM decisions (Bowen et al., 1999), there is a gap in the research when it comes to a engineer link between HRM and supply overthrow and more research is carryed to support an confidence that trusty HRM at bottom an organisation leads to a greater retention of visualize magnateiness ply.Although the cordial reception industry has experienced al closely continuous growth since the 1900s, sad faculty retention has always been a problem in the industry. The Chartered Institute of force play and maturation (CIPD) (2009) state that the spiritedschoolest levels of take disorder be form in the service sector and in the hotel and catering industry in particular (www.cipd.co.uk, 2009). search points to various reasons for this much(prenominal) as lack of training, development and life opportunities.The term front office refers to organisations departments which come into contact with their customers such as the reception bea of a hotel, which strength consist of a receptionist, reception supervisor and perhaps a revenue or finance manager in rough sm all tolder establishments. It is the actors own experience, from run shorting in the hotel industry, that many front office employees possess certain characteristics which render them more susceptible to a high-pitched level of dollar volume rate and examples of these will be discussed below. In addition, the author has found that front office employees in prevalent do not receive the same HR configuration as some of their counterparts.For these reasons, the author has seen fit t o examine except the period to which poor HRM practices affect disorder for front office cater in the cordial reception industry.1.2 suggestThe occasion of this dissertation is to investigate two of the main problems in the hospitality industry poor HRM practices and high rung turnover rate and the existence of a direct link between these imparting on the hypothesis that break HRM practices should signifi buttockstly reduce ply turnover.1.3 ObjectivesTo critically review ongoing HRM practices in the hospitality industry, expression ad hocally at pick and recruitment and training and development, which argon seen to throw away the greatest impact on stave turnover, highlighting the reasons why poor HRM practices might affect round retention.To decl be oneself a definition of staff turnover and discuss the main causes of high staff turnover within the hospitality industry.To investigate the characteristics of front office staff, looking closely at the work of Lepac k and Snell (1999a 2002b) regarding Human Resource Architecture, with the aim of showing that front office staff receive a different HR configuration to opposite employees who might be seen as more heavy to an organisation.1.4 MethodologyResearch is briefly specify as a form of systematic enquiry that contributes to knowlight-emitting diodege (Altinay and Paraskevas, 20081) and in the representative of this dissertation was used to identify wise and better ways of managing within the hospitality industry. afterwards reflecting on experience the author decided to investigate further the atomic number 18a of HRM practices and staff turnover, once the research ara was decided the author then had to take away the research method which trounce suited the research question.Saunders suggests that nigh research questions are answered using some combination of vicarious and pristine research (Saunders et al., 2003189). However, the author of this dissertation takes the view that that there is sufficient alternative selective study avail competent to achieve the aims and objectives stated higher(prenominal) up and it is therefore based solely on junior-grade research drawing on existing sources alone.Work by academics in the battleground of HRM, for example, Lashley (1998) Boxall (2008) Hoque (2000) Purcell (2001a 2008b) Torrington, Hall and Taylor (1991) Mullins (1998) Lucas (2004) Armstrong (1987a 1992b 2000c) Storey (1992a 1995b 2001c) and Guest (1987a 1989b) will be analysed to provide a base to the theory of HRM. Data from government sources, for example, People1st, will be used as further evidence to back up the authors findings.The main advantage of secondary research is that it saves cartridge clip and money (Ghauri and Gronhaugh, 2002). Secondary data fanny be obtained much more quickly than primal data and time is the only terms incurred. Secondary data facilitates the analysis of larger data pays, such as those collected by government surveys (Saunders et al, 2003). It is readily available and primarily of proven reliability. Stewart and Kimes (1993) suggest that the quality of data in secondary research is belike to be far superior to that obtained through primary research as secondary data is permanent and more open to public scrutiny. Secondary information offers relatively quick and inexpensive answers to many questions and is almost always the point of departure for primary research (Stewart et al., 19931).However, it is important to recognise that secondary data does brace a bite of disadvantages. It whitethorn swell up have been collected for a specific purpose differing, either substantively or in tenseness, from the research question and this dissertations objectives. It might similarly reflect the attitudes of those collecting it rather than offer an objective picture of reality (Saunders et al., 2003203). In addition, the secondary data may be outdated. Wrenn et al (2007) suggest that old info rmation may not inescapably be bad information, but that cutting-edge information is an absolute necessity (Wrenn et al., 200773).The author has attempted to pass over weaknesses of the secondary research method by using secondary data that is both current and closely related in emphasis to this dissertations title, aim and objectives. As the author aimed to analyse a large data set instead of concentrating on a littler sample, for example, one organisation in particular, it was decided that secondary research would be more appropriate for this type of study.1.5 StructureChapter 2 reviews the literature on HRM history, approaches, theories, strategies and practices. Views of prominent academics in the field of HRM are summarised, critically analysed and evaluated.Chapter 3 defines the different types of staff turnover which occur within an organisation, identifying drivers and costs associated with high staff turnover. Characteristics of the hospitality industry, which may befoo l it oddly vulnerable to poor staff retention, are identified.Chapter 4 reviews some of the key HRM practices creation used in the hotel industry, focusing on alternative and recruitment methods and training and development techniques, explaining how they affect staff turnover. Red Carnation Hotels are used as an example to show the impact the execution of instrument of an rough-and-ready training programme has on levels of employee turnover.Chapter 5 investigates Lepack and Snells (1999a 2002b) work on Human Resource Architecture, showing that staff turnover levels in different departments might be attributable to different HR configurations.Chapter 6 concludes that good HRM practices whoremaster greatly reduce staff turnover and recommendations for improved staff turnover are made.CHAPTER 2THE THEORY BEHIND HUMAN RESOURCE prudence AND SOME KEY PRACTICES2.1 IntroductionThis chapter reviews the literature on HRM theory, providing a brief overview of HRMs history and its simil arities with force out management. The hard and wacky approaches to HRM are compared and contrasted, as are the best fit and best practice strategies.2.2 Human Resource ManagementHRM is a management outline which aims positively to influence individual ability and motivation and consecrate employees the opportunity to perform to the best of their abilities. (Blumberg and Pringle, 1982 Campbell, McCloy, Oppler and Sager, 1993 cited in Boxall and Purcell, 2008). Whilst Boella and Goss-Turner (2005) attempt to define HRM simply as a strategic management exercise aimed at determining and achieving managerial goals, Storey (2001) provides the sinkest definition of HRMA distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve combative advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly connected and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques.(Storey 20016)HRM emerged as a new concept in the 1980s in the USA, promot ed by such academics as Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Quinn Mills and Walton (1984) from the Harvard School and other influential writers who argued in favour of a more comprehensive and strategic approach to an organisations workforce (Armstrong, 1992). It quickly spreadhead to the UK.Bratton and Gold (2003) state that HRM assumed new prominence due to concerns about global competition, the internationalisation of technology and the productivity of labour (Bratton and Gold, 20034), all of which required managers to turn the way in which organisations used their human resources and managed the employment relationship. The increased influence of trade unions and the keep growth of organisations in general, led to greater importance being placed on the personnel function of management.Prompted by economic trends and views of influential writers at the time, such as Pascale and Athos (1981), Peters and Waterman (1982), Kanter (1984) and Porter (1985), along with those from the Harvard School, chief executives began to attract that to gain, and retain, private-enterprise(a) advantage, human resources must be properly managed. Cuming (1993) suggests that employees are in fact the most important resource available to an organisation if organisational success is to be achieved.HRM enables an organisation to achieve goals through its workforce, whilst integrating human resource policies and business plans. Effective HRM should relieve oneself a working environment in which all employees can be utilised to their full capacity and potential. It plays an important role in building the capabilities of a workforce and improving the general climate of employee attitudes (Boxall and Purcell, 2008) and aims to ensure cargo from individuals in line of battle to achieve success for the organisation (Guest 1987).Academics have conflicting views on the essence of HRM, some doubting its existence al unitedly. Fowler (1987), for example, believes that HRM is nothing more than a construct largely invented by academics and popularised by consultants (Fowler 1987 cited in Armstrong, 1999586), while Woods (1999) claims that HRM is a enigma which has never really been mastered.Many academics are unable to make a clear distinction between HRM and personnel management (Armstrong, 1987 Sisson and Bach, 1989a 1994b, 2000c Legge, 1995 Torrington and Hall, 1998), while others are able to easily identify differences between them. The best way to bear them, however, is as a continuum with personnel management at one end and HRM at the other (Wilson, 200147). Their differences and similarities can be found summarised in Table 1.2.3 aphonic and Soft HRMThere are two approaches to HRM, each of which aims to provide an organisation with a emulous advantage. Storey (1992) and Guest (1987) were the first writers to make the distinction suggesting that the emphasis could either be on human or resources. In the UK, the two approaches are known as hard and soft HRM.The h ard approach to HRM stresses the bespeak for business orientated style, with an emphasis on productivity, efficiency in the utilisation of human resources and the acquirement of business goals (Boella and Goss-Turner, 200523). Nickson (2007) describes the hard approach as instrumental and economically rational (Nickson 20079), aiming to gain a competitive advantage whilst keeping labour costs to a minimum.Armstrong (1992) suggests that the hard approach to HRM treats employees like any other resource, for interpreter land or capital, to be used as managers see fit. However, this approach does not necessarily mean that employees will be enured badly. Marchington and Wilkinson (2002) suggest that if labour is in short supply or is central to the achievement of organisational goals, employees may be treated well. For the hard approach to be most effective, the staffing structure of an organisation must mirror its needs. It is essential that an organisation has the right number of st aff in the right place at the right time (Wilson, 2005). The HRM practice of human resource planning is therefore crucial (Mullins, 1998).The alternative approach, soft HRM, stresses the human aspects of HRM (Price, 2007) focussing particularly on communication and motivation. pedagogy and development programmes as well as commitment strategies are used with the aim of producing highly skilled employees in order to gain a competitive advantage (Bratton and Gold, 2003).A soft HRM approach puts staff at the centre of determining and realising strategic objectives and staff are led rather than managed to achieve organisational success. Storey (1992) states that Soft HRM sees employees as a valuable resource whose competencies, skills and attitudes are to be appropriately nurtured (Storey, 199228). The organisation and its workforce work together towards a competitive advantage, the organisation aiming to improve the quality of its staff in the hope that it will reap the rewards of th eir development.The soft approach is based on the enclose that if employees feel they have been treated well, they will do all they can to achieve organisational goals. Although some authors, for example Sisson (1994), argue that organisations claiming to use a soft HRM approach may just be using the language to cloak what is actually a hard approach, similarities have been drawn between a soft HRM approach and personnel management, as organisations use employees to achieve a competitive advantage through developing their skills and loyalty.2.4 The best practice or best fit approach to HRMThere are two fundamental HR strategies which are used to ensure that the effects of HR practices are maximised. The best practice approach is generally agreed to comprise a list of tangible practices, with best practice HRM or bundles of practices having the greatest impact on performance (Pfeffer,1994a 1998b Huselid,1995 Wood, 1995 Patterson et al, 1998 Guest, 2001).Best practice approach is ba sed on the assumption that there is a set of best HRM practices and that imbibeing them will inevitably lead to superior organisational performance.(Armstrong 2000135)The best fit model on the other hand is based on the principle that HR strategy will be more effective when appropriately integrated within the specific firm and environmental context (Boxall and Purcell, 2001)Writers suggest that there is a bundle of practices essential to the HR effective strategy of any organisation. These include practices discussed in more detail below, such as selection and recruitment, and training and development. Others may be more marginal as they do not necessarily have general application, for instance, family friendly policies, profit related pay and share willpower (Guest, 2001 Torrington et al, 1999a 2002b 2005c). The importance of deploying these practices in the coiffure manner must, however, be stressed. Simply employing them without the correct management may have a negative effec t on an organisation and its retention of human resources.Critics of the best practice strategy argue that, as organisations vary in size, compete in different labour markets and have varying market strategies, what works for one organisation might not necessarily work as well for another. Organisations work systems are highly idiosyncratic (Becker et al, 1997 cited in Ingham, 200778) with optimum results only being achieved if practices are tailored carefully to each individual situation. larger organisations, for instance, are more possible than smaller entities to adopt more sophisticated staffing and training procedures and to have a more structured workforce with more specialise labors and defined career hierarchies. They inevitably require therefore more formalised HR practices to facilitate the management of larger numbers (Schuler and Jackson 1995).The concept of fit between business and HR policy is based on the assumption that if HRM is more contingent with the externa l environment and an organisations business strategy, it will lead to higher performance and competitive advantage (Legge cited in Storey, 2001). The best fit approach ensures that HR strategies are aligned with the culture and operational service of an organisation as well as the external environment. Armstrong suggests that this is one of the most important aims in a development programme (Armstrong 2000132).2.5 HRM practicesRecruitment and selection procedures (Bonn and Forbringer 1992 Woods and Mcaulay 1989 Wagner 1991 Wheelhouse 1989) and training and development opportunities (Hogan 1992 Himestra 1990 Conrade et al., 1994) have been identified as having the biggest impact on staff turnover and are explored in detail in Chapter 4. Mullins (1995) recognises that the aim of any organisation must be to select the best available staff in the first place, train and develop them and to retain them for a reasonable period of time (Mullins 1995183).Through the use of various intervent ion fermentes, for example, recruitment and selection and training and development, an organisation can influence turnover (Mullins, 1995 cited Cheng and Brown, 1998138). This is consistent with literature which suggests that the use of high performance work practices, including recruitment and selection procedures and training, are associated with degrade labour turnover, greater productivity and corporate financial performance (Huselid, 1995635)However, before exploring recruitment and selection and training and development further it is important to mention some of the other key HRM practices used in the hospitality industry. HRM practices should cover five main areasStaffing and recruitment making sure that available jobs within an organisation are filled appropriately by staff with the required knowledge, experience, abilities and skills, whilst also deploying an effective retention programme.Rewards carrying out regular appraisals and making sure that reward systems are in p lace as well as that staff benefit for achieving organisational goals.Employee development ensuring that employees have the correct amount of training to enable them to do their job to the best of their abilities whilst enabling them to reach their full potential.Employee maintenance and job security making sure that employees are working in a safe environment as well as offering support where redundancies are necessary.(Bratton and Gold, 1999 Mullins, 1998 Redman and Mathews, 1998 cited in Lucas 2004)It is also suggested that HRM practices should include team working, employee involvement, liaisons with outside bodies (ACAS, HCTC and HCIMA), maintaining statistics and records and dealing with trade unions (Redman and Mathews, 1998 cited in Lucas, 2004, Mullins, 1998).2.6 Recruitment and choiceRecruitment and selection is an important element of HRM in all organisations regardless of size, structure or sector (Marchington et al., 2005) and is critical to the long-term success of ev ery hospitality business (Hayes et al., 2009). In terms of the hotel industry, Kelliher and Johnson (1987, 1997) have suggested that recruitment is, in fact, HRMs central function.Recruitment is the process of identifying candidates for current or in store(predicate) position vacancies. It is Those practices and activities carried out by the organisation with the primary purpose of identifying and attracting potential employees (Barber, 19985 cited in Purcell et al., 2007273 Hayes et al 200944). survival is the process of choosing an individual for a current or future position vacancy (Hayes et al., 200944). Selection pares guttle the number of applicants while recruitment makes the paring down possible by producing the pool of candidates from whom new employees will be selected. However Recruitment and selection is generally viewed as an integrated function (Mullins, 1995 Croney, 1988 Nankervis, 1993b) and is considered as such in this dissertation.The recruitment and selection process is the first point of contact for potential employees, who will tend to judge the organisation as a building block by the manner in which it is conducted, as well as the first stage in the HRM value chain. This leads some specialists to the view that effective recruitment is likely to be the most critical human resource function for organisational success and survival (Taylor and Collins, 2000304 cited in Boxall et al., 2007273).Managers must address a number of questions before they jump the recruitment and selection process for it to have the desired effect, particularly whom to target, where, how (web, newspapers, job fairs) and when and what message to communicate (Breaugh, 1992 Breaugh and Stake, 2000 cited in Boxall et al, 2007274).Literature suggests that recruitment and selection techniques have progressed from rigorously traditional techniques (advertising, walk-ins, selection interviews, reference checking) towards more strategic approaches (networking, inner(a) labour market, demeanoural interviewing, targeted selection) (Nankarvis and Debrah, 1995 Nankarvis, 1993b). There has also been an increase in recruiting through informal methods (word-of-mouth networks, recruit a relative or friend incentives, keep sensitive contacts with past employees and speculative applicants). Evidence suggests that such incentives strengthen job satisfaction for both recruiter and recruited (Purcell and Rowley, 2001183), which in turn reduces staff turnover.There are a number of potential implications of poor selection decisions Managers may have to waste time on disciplinal procedures or retraining poor performers as well as recruiting replacements for those leaving the job soon after commencing employment. These processes are both expensive and time-consuming, possibly diverting managers from other tasks. Poor recruitment and selection techniques do not only lead to under-qualified staff being employed. Some may be over-qualified and decide to discon tinue soon after starting the job (Marchington et al., 2005).2.7 Training and DevelopmentTraining and Development is another key HRM practice which, if performed effectively, can reduce staff turnover within an organisation. Pepper (1984) defines training as the organized process concerned with the acquisition of capability or the maintenance of capability (Pepper, 19849-11 cited in Wilson, 1999118). It is also viewed as a service provided by an organisation for its internal customers- its employees (Lovelock, 1989 cited in Chiang et al, 2005101).Wexley and Latham (1991) introduce development into their definition suggesting that training and development is a planned effort by an organisation to facilitate the learning of job related behaviour on the part of its employees (Wexley and Latham, 19913). Development can relate to future requirements, such as training for promotion, whilst training generally relates to the here and now. For the purposes of this dissertation, however, the two terms are considered synonymous.Training strategies can include the employment of skilled trainers and use of training manuals or videos as support tools. Training can be hands-on or may take the form of classroom training. In some cases, the two strategies may be used together with feedback being provided through military rating and appraisals (Chiang, 2005101). Training may be either formal and take place outside the organisation or informal, on the job, where observation and instruction occurs on site (Jones, 2004127).An effective training plan requires a good training site, a qualified trainer with clear objectives and methods as well as the necessary training tools and an evaluation strategy (Tanke, 1990). Paynes (2004) suggests that the aim of any training plan must be to ensure that staff have the required knowledge, skills, abilities and characteristics to confront new challenges2.8 ConclusionHRM has been defined and the conflicting views have been discussed as have the different approaches and strategies used in order to provide an overview of the topic of HRM. An overview of the key HRM practices has also been provided and those most relevant to the hospitality industry have been split into key areas. Although selection and recruitment and training and development are suggested to have the greatest impact on employee turnover, the literature suggests that other key HRM practices, such as reward schemes, employee maintenance, liaisons with outside bodies, maintaining statistics and records and dealing with trade unions, may also have a significant effect (Bratton and Gold 1999, Mullins 1998, Redman and Mathews 1998 and Lashley 1998).CHAPTER 3STAFF TURNOVER3.1 IntroductionThis Chapter explores the concept of staff turnover. Staff turnover is defined and a quantity used to calculate turnover levels is discussed, along with its limitations. The characteristics of the Hospitality Industry are identified to show the extent to which they might make th e industry more vulnerable to high staff turnover and turnover figures will be provided to support any assumptions that have been made. Some of the main reasons for high staff turnover in the industry will be considered looking in particular at some of the relevant push and pull factors. The cost and benefits of staff turnover will be weighed up to demonstrate the real need for the proper deployment of some of the HRM practices discussed in Chapter 2.3.2 Definition of Staff TurnoverThe Hospitality Training al-Qaeda (HtF) defines staff turnover as, the number of hoi polloi leaving their job in a year as a percentage of the people employed in the industry (Hospitality Training Foundation, 1998 cited in Boella, 2005178). Generally, turnover is measured over the financial year and is a measure of separations from an employing organisation. Organisations can use the following formula to calculate turnover rate in each department.Number of employees who left hand during the periodX 100 Average number employed during the periodAnalysis of the turnover rate allows organisations not only to see whether they generally have a problem of high turnover but also to compare the rates of turnover between departments and to target workforce planning strategies accordingly.The weighing above is simple and is a broad indicator but it does have limitations. It does not reflect aloofness of service of employees or whether or not the employer employs a a couple of(prenominal) people at a high rate of pay or many people at a low rate of pay (Boella et al., 2000a 2005b). The calculation also includes unavoidable turnover, for example, staff leaving due to illness, death or relocation and it may be beneficial to an organisation to create a measure which only measures avoidable turnover (Phillips, 2005).There are four types of turnover which occur within an organisation voluntary involuntary functional and dysfunctional. The differences between them are summarised in Table 2.3.3 labor party turnover in the Hospitality IndustryOver the lead 30 years the hospitality leisure and tourism sector has enjoyed a sustained period of growth and now accounts for nearly 5% of the UKs total economic output, employing 2 one million million people, 1/14 jobs in the UK. Labour turnover across the sector is the highest of all sectors of the economy, rising from 30% in 2005 to 31% in 2008 with recruitment and development of new staff costing an estimated 414 million in 2008/2009 (Wisdom, 2009).A minority of employees in the hospitality industry are drawn from the primary labour market and as such are generally committed to the industry and sometimes to a particular sector within it. Riley (1996) estimates that 6% of jobs in the hospitality industry are managerial positions, 8% supervisory and 22% craft (Riley, 1996 cited in Kusluvan, 2003).The industry relies heavily, however, on the secondary labour market, which is made up of workers with skills which can be used across a number of industries, for example, secretaries, administrators and maintenance workers. Secondary labour markets do however approximate pretty closely in their characteristics to much of what happens in the industry in terms of the behaviour of employees and their treatment by employers (Goldsmith et al, 199716). Boella et al., (2005) suggests that these employees generally attach more importance to a geographical area rather than a career and choose to work in the industry purely to earn a living.The hospitality industry is particularly susceptible to high labour turnover because it is labour intensive and its pattern of staffing is characterised by high mobility, seasonal and part time work, with a high proportion of unskilled, young, part-time and routine staff. The proper use of HRM practices is therefore of great importance to the industry.3.4 Reasons for staff turnoverThe greatest numbers of employees leave in the early days of employment, the period in which relationships have not yet developed. Mullins (1998) refers to such turnover as the induction crisis and suggests that it is particularly disruptive and costly. This early turnover is generally the result of improper selection systems, ineffective orientation and inadequate socialization process to adopt employees to the organisation (Phillips, 2005185).As Torrington et al., (2005) point out, some departures from an organisation are unavoidable, for instance because of relocation, illness or the need to juggle work and family life. According to Lashley and Lincoln (2003), however, high labour turnover is usually due to avoidable causes, such as dissatisfaction with wages, the relationship with other staff or poor working hours, the majority of which can be addressed by effective management.Two broad categories influence staff turnover work-related attitudes (push factors) and external environmental factors (pull factors) (McBey et al., 2001). Push factors are issues arising within an organisation , including patchy work patterns, poor pay, peHRM and Staff Turnover in the Hospitality IndustryHRM and Staff Turnover in the Hospitality IndustryCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 RationaleFindings show extensive existing research in the field of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and how they might benefit an organisations business performance. Academics suggest that there is a series or bundle of human resource (HR) practices which are of great benefit to an organisation, for example, selection and recruitment, training and development, without giving any consideration to other contingency factors, such as the size, structure or varying labour markets of an organisation (Pfeffer, 1994a 1998b Huselid, 1995 cited in Gonzalez and Tacorante, 2004). This is known as the best practice approach to HRM. There is also a different contingent approach, known as the best-fit approach, which is dependent upon the organisations strategic focus, suggesting that it is more beneficial for an organi sation to use HR practices which are more aligned with its strategies and external environment (Legge in Storey, 2001). These two approaches will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 2.Although the literature in the field of HRM shows a positive correlation between employee perceptions of HRM fairness and employee acceptance and satisfaction with HRM decisions (Bowen et al., 1999), there is a gap in the research when it comes to a direct link between HRM and staff turnover and more research is needed to support an assertion that good HRM within an organisation leads to a greater retention of front office staff.Although the hospitality industry has experienced almost continuous growth since the 1900s, poor staff retention has always been a problem in the industry. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) (2009) state that the highest levels of labour turnover are found in the service sector and in the hotel and catering industry in particular (www.cipd.co.uk, 200 9). Research points to various reasons for this such as lack of training, development and career opportunities.The term front office refers to organisations departments which come into contact with their customers such as the reception area of a hotel, which might consist of a receptionist, reception supervisor and perhaps a revenue or finance manager in some smaller establishments. It is the authors own experience, from working in the hotel industry, that many front office employees possess certain characteristics which render them more susceptible to a high level of turnover and examples of these will be discussed below. In addition, the author has found that front office employees generally do not receive the same HR configuration as some of their counterparts.For these reasons, the author has seen fit to investigate further the extent to which poor HRM practices affect turnover for front office staff in the hospitality industry.1.2 AimThe purpose of this dissertation is to inves tigate two of the main problems in the hospitality industry poor HRM practices and high staff turnover and the existence of a direct link between these working on the hypothesis that sound HRM practices should significantly reduce staff turnover.1.3 ObjectivesTo critically review current HRM practices in the hospitality industry, looking specifically at selection and recruitment and training and development, which are seen to have the greatest impact on staff turnover, highlighting the reasons why poor HRM practices might affect staff retention.To provide a definition of staff turnover and discuss the main causes of high staff turnover within the hospitality industry.To investigate the characteristics of front office staff, looking closely at the work of Lepack and Snell (1999a 2002b) regarding Human Resource Architecture, with the aim of showing that front office staff receive a different HR configuration to other employees who might be seen as more important to an organisation.1.4 MethodologyResearch is briefly defined as a form of systematic enquiry that contributes to knowledge (Altinay and Paraskevas, 20081) and in the case of this dissertation was used to identify new and better ways of managing within the hospitality industry. After reflecting on experience the author decided to investigate further the area of HRM practices and staff turnover, once the research area was decided the author then had to choose the research method which best suited the research question.Saunders suggests that most research questions are answered using some combination of secondary and primary research (Saunders et al., 2003189). However, the author of this dissertation takes the view that that there is sufficient secondary data available to achieve the aims and objectives stated above and it is therefore based solely on secondary research drawing on existing sources alone.Work by academics in the area of HRM, for example, Lashley (1998) Boxall (2008) Hoque (2000) Purcell (2 001a 2008b) Torrington, Hall and Taylor (1991) Mullins (1998) Lucas (2004) Armstrong (1987a 1992b 2000c) Storey (1992a 1995b 2001c) and Guest (1987a 1989b) will be analysed to provide a base to the theory of HRM. Data from government sources, for example, People1st, will be used as further evidence to back up the authors findings.The main advantage of secondary research is that it saves time and money (Ghauri and Gronhaugh, 2002). Secondary data can be obtained much more quickly than primary data and time is the only cost incurred. Secondary data facilitates the analysis of larger data sets, such as those collected by government surveys (Saunders et al, 2003). It is readily available and generally of proven reliability. Stewart and Kimes (1993) suggest that the quality of data in secondary research is likely to be far superior to that obtained through primary research as secondary data is permanent and more open to public scrutiny. Secondary information offers relatively quick and i nexpensive answers to many questions and is almost always the point of departure for primary research (Stewart et al., 19931).However, it is important to recognise that secondary data does have a number of disadvantages. It may well have been collected for a specific purpose differing, either substantively or in emphasis, from the research question and this dissertations objectives. It might also reflect the attitudes of those collecting it rather than offer an objective picture of reality (Saunders et al., 2003203). In addition, the secondary data may be outdated. Wrenn et al (2007) suggest that old information may not necessarily be bad information, but that up-to-date information is an absolute necessity (Wrenn et al., 200773).The author has attempted to overcome weaknesses of the secondary research method by using secondary data that is both current and closely related in emphasis to this dissertations title, aim and objectives. As the author aimed to analyse a large data set in stead of concentrating on a smaller sample, for example, one organisation in particular, it was decided that secondary research would be more appropriate for this type of study.1.5 StructureChapter 2 reviews the literature on HRM history, approaches, theories, strategies and practices. Views of prominent academics in the field of HRM are summarised, critically analysed and evaluated.Chapter 3 defines the different types of staff turnover which occur within an organisation, identifying drivers and costs associated with high staff turnover. Characteristics of the hospitality industry, which may make it particularly vulnerable to poor staff retention, are identified.Chapter 4 reviews some of the key HRM practices being used in the hotel industry, focusing on selection and recruitment methods and training and development techniques, explaining how they affect staff turnover. Red Carnation Hotels are used as an example to show the impact the implementation of an effective training progra mme has on levels of employee turnover.Chapter 5 investigates Lepack and Snells (1999a 2002b) work on Human Resource Architecture, showing that staff turnover levels in different departments might be attributable to different HR configurations.Chapter 6 concludes that good HRM practices can greatly reduce staff turnover and recommendations for improved staff turnover are made.CHAPTER 2THE THEORY BEHIND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND SOME KEY PRACTICES2.1 IntroductionThis chapter reviews the literature on HRM theory, providing a brief overview of HRMs history and its similarities with personnel management. The hard and soft approaches to HRM are compared and contrasted, as are the best fit and best practice strategies.2.2 Human Resource ManagementHRM is a management strategy which aims positively to influence individual ability and motivation and afford employees the opportunity to perform to the best of their abilities. (Blumberg and Pringle, 1982 Campbell, McCloy, Oppler and Sager, 1993 cited in Boxall and Purcell, 2008). Whilst Boella and Goss-Turner (2005) attempt to define HRM simply as a strategic management function aimed at determining and achieving managerial goals, Storey (2001) provides the clearest definition of HRMA distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques.(Storey 20016)HRM emerged as a new concept in the 1980s in the USA, promoted by such academics as Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Quinn Mills and Walton (1984) from the Harvard School and other influential writers who argued in favour of a more comprehensive and strategic approach to an organisations workforce (Armstrong, 1992). It quickly spread to the UK.Bratton and Gold (2003) state that HRM assumed new prominence due to concerns about global competition, the internationalization of technology and the productivity of labour (Bratton and Gold, 20034), all of which required managers to change the way in which organisations used their human resources and managed the employment relationship. The increased influence of trade unions and the continued growth of organisations in general, led to greater importance being placed on the personnel function of management.Prompted by economic trends and views of influential writers at the time, such as Pascale and Athos (1981), Peters and Waterman (1982), Kanter (1984) and Porter (1985), along with those from the Harvard School, chief executives began to realise that to gain, and retain, competitive advantage, human resources must be properly managed. Cuming (1993) suggests that employees are in fact the most important resource available to an organisation if organisational success is to be achieved.HRM enables an organisation to achieve goals through its workforce, whilst integrating human resource policies and business plans. Effective HRM sh ould create a working environment in which all employees can be utilised to their full capacity and potential. It plays an important role in building the capabilities of a workforce and improving the general climate of employee attitudes (Boxall and Purcell, 2008) and aims to ensure commitment from individuals in order to achieve success for the organisation (Guest 1987).Academics have conflicting views on the meaning of HRM, some doubting its existence altogether. Fowler (1987), for example, believes that HRM is nothing more than a construct largely invented by academics and popularised by consultants (Fowler 1987 cited in Armstrong, 1999586), while Woods (1999) claims that HRM is a paradox which has never really been mastered.Many academics are unable to make a clear distinction between HRM and personnel management (Armstrong, 1987 Sisson and Bach, 1989a 1994b, 2000c Legge, 1995 Torrington and Hall, 1998), while others are able to easily identify differences between them. The best way to conceptualise them, however, is as a continuum with personnel management at one end and HRM at the other (Wilson, 200147). Their differences and similarities can be found summarised in Table 1.2.3 Hard and Soft HRMThere are two approaches to HRM, each of which aims to provide an organisation with a competitive advantage. Storey (1992) and Guest (1987) were the first writers to make the distinction suggesting that the emphasis could either be on human or resources. In the UK, the two approaches are known as hard and soft HRM.The hard approach to HRM stresses the need for business orientated style, with an emphasis on productivity, efficiency in the utilisation of human resources and the achievement of business goals (Boella and Goss-Turner, 200523). Nickson (2007) describes the hard approach as instrumental and economically rational (Nickson 20079), aiming to gain a competitive advantage whilst keeping labour costs to a minimum.Armstrong (1992) suggests that the hard approach to HRM treats employees like any other resource, for instance land or capital, to be used as managers see fit. However, this approach does not necessarily mean that employees will be treated badly. Marchington and Wilkinson (2002) suggest that if labour is in short supply or is central to the achievement of organisational goals, employees may be treated well. For the hard approach to be most effective, the staffing structure of an organisation must mirror its needs. It is essential that an organisation has the right number of staff in the right place at the right time (Wilson, 2005). The HRM practice of human resource planning is therefore crucial (Mullins, 1998).The alternative approach, soft HRM, stresses the human aspects of HRM (Price, 2007) focussing particularly on communication and motivation. Training and development programmes as well as commitment strategies are used with the aim of producing highly skilled employees in order to gain a competitive advantage (Bratton and G old, 2003).A soft HRM approach puts staff at the centre of determining and realising strategic objectives and staff are led rather than managed to achieve organisational success. Storey (1992) states that Soft HRM sees employees as a valuable resource whose competencies, skills and attitudes are to be appropriately nurtured (Storey, 199228). The organisation and its workforce work together towards a competitive advantage, the organisation aiming to improve the quality of its staff in the hope that it will reap the rewards of their development.The soft approach is based on the premise that if employees feel they have been treated well, they will do all they can to achieve organisational goals. Although some authors, for example Sisson (1994), argue that organisations claiming to use a soft HRM approach may just be using the language to disguise what is actually a hard approach, similarities have been drawn between a soft HRM approach and personnel management, as organisations use emp loyees to achieve a competitive advantage through developing their skills and loyalty.2.4 The best practice or best fit approach to HRMThere are two fundamental HR strategies which are used to ensure that the effects of HR practices are maximised. The best practice approach is generally agreed to comprise a list of tangible practices, with best practice HRM or bundles of practices having the greatest impact on performance (Pfeffer,1994a 1998b Huselid,1995 Wood, 1995 Patterson et al, 1998 Guest, 2001).Best practice approach is based on the assumption that there is a set of best HRM practices and that adopting them will inevitably lead to superior organisational performance.(Armstrong 2000135)The best fit model on the other hand is based on the principle that HR strategy will be more effective when appropriately integrated within the specific firm and environmental context (Boxall and Purcell, 2001)Writers suggest that there is a bundle of practices essential to the HR effective strat egy of any organisation. These include practices discussed in more detail below, such as selection and recruitment, and training and development. Others may be more marginal as they do not necessarily have general application, for instance, family friendly policies, profit related pay and share ownership (Guest, 2001 Torrington et al, 1999a 2002b 2005c). The importance of deploying these practices in the correct manner must, however, be stressed. Simply employing them without the correct management may have a negative effect on an organisation and its retention of human resources.Critics of the best practice strategy argue that, as organisations vary in size, compete in different labour markets and have varying market strategies, what works for one organisation might not necessarily work as well for another. Organisations work systems are highly idiosyncratic (Becker et al, 1997 cited in Ingham, 200778) with optimum results only being achieved if practices are tailored carefully to each individual situation. Larger organisations, for instance, are more likely than smaller entities to adopt more sophisticated staffing and training procedures and to have a more structured workforce with more specialised jobs and defined career hierarchies. They inevitably require therefore more formalised HR practices to facilitate the management of larger numbers (Schuler and Jackson 1995).The concept of fit between business and HR policy is based on the assumption that if HRM is more contingent with the external environment and an organisations business strategy, it will lead to higher performance and competitive advantage (Legge cited in Storey, 2001). The best fit approach ensures that HR strategies are aligned with the culture and operational process of an organisation as well as the external environment. Armstrong suggests that this is one of the most important aims in a development programme (Armstrong 2000132).2.5 HRM practicesRecruitment and selection procedures (Bonn a nd Forbringer 1992 Woods and Mcaulay 1989 Wagner 1991 Wheelhouse 1989) and training and development opportunities (Hogan 1992 Himestra 1990 Conrade et al., 1994) have been identified as having the biggest impact on staff turnover and are explored in detail in Chapter 4. Mullins (1995) recognises that the aim of any organisation must be to select the best available staff in the first place, train and develop them and to retain them for a reasonable period of time (Mullins 1995183).Through the use of various intervention processes, for example, recruitment and selection and training and development, an organisation can influence turnover (Mullins, 1995 cited Cheng and Brown, 1998138). This is consistent with literature which suggests that the use of high performance work practices, including recruitment and selection procedures and training, are associated with lower labour turnover, greater productivity and corporate financial performance (Huselid, 1995635)However, before exploring r ecruitment and selection and training and development further it is important to mention some of the other key HRM practices used in the hospitality industry. HRM practices should cover five main areasStaffing and recruitment making sure that available jobs within an organisation are filled appropriately by staff with the required knowledge, experience, abilities and skills, whilst also deploying an effective retention programme.Rewards carrying out regular appraisals and making sure that reward systems are in place as well as that staff benefit for achieving organisational goals.Employee development ensuring that employees have the correct amount of training to enable them to do their job to the best of their abilities whilst enabling them to reach their full potential.Employee maintenance and job security making sure that employees are working in a safe environment as well as offering support where redundancies are necessary.(Bratton and Gold, 1999 Mullins, 1998 Redman and Mathews , 1998 cited in Lucas 2004)It is also suggested that HRM practices should include team working, employee involvement, liaisons with outside bodies (ACAS, HCTC and HCIMA), maintaining statistics and records and dealing with trade unions (Redman and Mathews, 1998 cited in Lucas, 2004, Mullins, 1998).2.6 Recruitment and SelectionRecruitment and selection is an important element of HRM in all organisations regardless of size, structure or sector (Marchington et al., 2005) and is critical to the long-term success of every hospitality business (Hayes et al., 2009). In terms of the hotel industry, Kelliher and Johnson (1987, 1997) have suggested that recruitment is, in fact, HRMs central function.Recruitment is the process of identifying candidates for current or future position vacancies. It is Those practices and activities carried out by the organisation with the primary purpose of identifying and attracting potential employees (Barber, 19985 cited in Purcell et al., 2007273 Hayes et al 200944). Selection is the process of choosing an individual for a current or future position vacancy (Hayes et al., 200944). Selection pares down the number of applicants while recruitment makes the paring down possible by producing the pool of candidates from whom new employees will be selected. However Recruitment and selection is generally viewed as an integrated function (Mullins, 1995 Croney, 1988 Nankervis, 1993b) and is considered as such in this dissertation.The recruitment and selection process is the first point of contact for potential employees, who will tend to judge the organisation as a whole by the manner in which it is conducted, as well as the first stage in the HRM value chain. This leads some specialists to the view that effective recruitment is likely to be the most critical human resource function for organisational success and survival (Taylor and Collins, 2000304 cited in Boxall et al., 2007273).Managers must address a number of questions before they begin t he recruitment and selection process for it to have the desired effect, particularly whom to target, where, how (web, newspapers, job fairs) and when and what message to communicate (Breaugh, 1992 Breaugh and Stake, 2000 cited in Boxall et al, 2007274).Literature suggests that recruitment and selection techniques have progressed from purely traditional techniques (advertising, walk-ins, selection interviews, reference checking) towards more strategic approaches (networking, internal labour market, behavioural interviewing, targeted selection) (Nankarvis and Debrah, 1995 Nankarvis, 1993b). There has also been an increase in recruiting through informal methods (word-of-mouth networks, recruit a relative or friend incentives, keep warm contacts with past employees and speculative applicants). Evidence suggests that such incentives strengthen job satisfaction for both recruiter and recruited (Purcell and Rowley, 2001183), which in turn reduces staff turnover.There are a number of potent ial implications of poor selection decisions Managers may have to waste time on disciplinary procedures or retraining poor performers as well as recruiting replacements for those leaving the job soon after commencing employment. These processes are both expensive and time-consuming, possibly diverting managers from other tasks. Poor recruitment and selection techniques do not only lead to under-qualified staff being employed. Some may be over-qualified and decide to leave soon after starting the job (Marchington et al., 2005).2.7 Training and DevelopmentTraining and Development is another key HRM practice which, if performed effectively, can reduce staff turnover within an organisation. Pepper (1984) defines training as the organized process concerned with the acquisition of capability or the maintenance of capability (Pepper, 19849-11 cited in Wilson, 1999118). It is also viewed as a service provided by an organisation for its internal customers- its employees (Lovelock, 1989 cited in Chiang et al, 2005101).Wexley and Latham (1991) introduce development into their definition suggesting that training and development is a planned effort by an organisation to facilitate the learning of job related behaviour on the part of its employees (Wexley and Latham, 19913). Development can relate to future requirements, such as preparation for promotion, whilst training generally relates to the here and now. For the purposes of this dissertation, however, the two terms are considered synonymous.Training strategies can include the employment of skilled trainers and use of training manuals or videos as support tools. Training can be hands-on or may take the form of classroom training. In some cases, the two strategies may be used together with feedback being provided through evaluation and appraisals (Chiang, 2005101). Training may be either formal and take place outside the organisation or informal, on the job, where observation and instruction occurs on site (Jones, 200412 7).An effective training plan requires a good training site, a qualified trainer with clear objectives and methods as well as the necessary training tools and an evaluation strategy (Tanke, 1990). Paynes (2004) suggests that the aim of any training plan must be to ensure that staff have the required knowledge, skills, abilities and characteristics to confront new challenges2.8 ConclusionHRM has been defined and the conflicting views have been discussed as have the different approaches and strategies used in order to provide an overview of the topic of HRM. An overview of the key HRM practices has also been provided and those most relevant to the hospitality industry have been split into key areas. Although selection and recruitment and training and development are suggested to have the greatest impact on employee turnover, the literature suggests that other key HRM practices, such as reward schemes, employee maintenance, liaisons with outside bodies, maintaining statistics and recor ds and dealing with trade unions, may also have a significant effect (Bratton and Gold 1999, Mullins 1998, Redman and Mathews 1998 and Lashley 1998).CHAPTER 3STAFF TURNOVER3.1 IntroductionThis Chapter explores the concept of staff turnover. Staff turnover is defined and a measure used to calculate turnover levels is discussed, along with its limitations. The characteristics of the Hospitality Industry are identified to show the extent to which they might make the industry more vulnerable to high staff turnover and turnover figures will be provided to support any assumptions that have been made. Some of the main reasons for high staff turnover in the industry will be considered looking in particular at some of the relevant push and pull factors. The cost and benefits of staff turnover will be weighed up to demonstrate the real need for the proper deployment of some of the HRM practices discussed in Chapter 2.3.2 Definition of Staff TurnoverThe Hospitality Training Foundation (HtF) de fines staff turnover as, the number of people leaving their job in a year as a percentage of the people employed in the industry (Hospitality Training Foundation, 1998 cited in Boella, 2005178). Generally, turnover is measured over the financial year and is a measure of separations from an employing organisation. Organisations can use the following formula to calculate turnover rate in each department.Number of employees who left during the periodX 100Average number employed during the periodAnalysis of the turnover rate allows organisations not only to see whether they generally have a problem of high turnover but also to compare the rates of turnover between departments and to target workforce planning strategies accordingly.The calculation above is simple and is a broad indicator but it does have limitations. It does not reflect length of service of employees or whether or not the employer employs a few people at a high rate of pay or many people at a low rate of pay (Boella et a l., 2000a 2005b). The calculation also includes unavoidable turnover, for example, staff leaving due to illness, death or relocation and it may be beneficial to an organisation to create a measure which only measures avoidable turnover (Phillips, 2005).There are four types of turnover which occur within an organisation voluntary involuntary functional and dysfunctional. The differences between them are summarised in Table 2.3.3 Labour turnover in the Hospitality IndustryOver the last 30 years the hospitality leisure and tourism sector has enjoyed a sustained period of growth and now accounts for nearly 5% of the UKs total economic output, employing 2 million people, 1/14 jobs in the UK. Labour turnover across the sector is the highest of all sectors of the economy, rising from 30% in 2005 to 31% in 2008 with recruitment and development of new staff costing an estimated 414 million in 2008/2009 (Wisdom, 2009).A minority of employees in the hospitality industry are drawn from the prim ary labour market and as such are generally committed to the industry and sometimes to a particular sector within it. Riley (1996) estimates that 6% of jobs in the hospitality industry are managerial positions, 8% supervisory and 22% craft (Riley, 1996 cited in Kusluvan, 2003).The industry relies heavily, however, on the secondary labour market, which is made up of workers with skills which can be used across a number of industries, for example, secretaries, administrators and maintenance workers. Secondary labour markets do however approximate pretty closely in their characteristics to much of what happens in the industry in terms of the behaviour of employees and their treatment by employers (Goldsmith et al, 199716). Boella et al., (2005) suggests that these employees generally attach more importance to a geographical area rather than a career and choose to work in the industry purely to earn a living.The hospitality industry is particularly susceptible to high labour turnover be cause it is labour intensive and its pattern of staffing is characterised by high mobility, seasonal and part time work, with a high proportion of unskilled, young, part-time and casual staff. The proper use of HRM practices is therefore of great importance to the industry.3.4 Reasons for staff turnoverThe greatest numbers of employees leave in the early days of employment, the period in which relationships have not yet developed. Mullins (1998) refers to such turnover as the induction crisis and suggests that it is particularly disruptive and costly. This early turnover is generally the result of improper selection systems, ineffective orientation and inadequate socialization process to adopt employees to the organisation (Phillips, 2005185).As Torrington et al., (2005) point out, some departures from an organisation are unavoidable, for instance because of relocation, illness or the need to juggle work and family life. According to Lashley and Lincoln (2003), however, high labour turnover is usually due to avoidable causes, such as dissatisfaction with wages, the relationship with other staff or poor working hours, the majority of which can be addressed by effective management.Two broad categories influence staff turnover work-related attitudes (push factors) and external environmental factors (pull factors) (McBey et al., 2001). Push factors are issues arising within an organisation, including uneven work patterns, poor pay, pe