Biofuel is An Alternative Energy Source Essay -- Power Energy Bio Fuel

Biofuel An Alternative Energy SourceAbstractAs the worlds writer of fossil fuels diminishes, another extension of postal code must replace fossil fuels. This paper evaluates biofuel, one alternative form of energy by cover what biofuel is, how it works, its historic spend, and benefits and drawbacks it pertains. I hypothesized that biofuel would be an effective alternative energy. My conclusion does not support my claim, but in terms of worldwide usage. Introduction With the worlds source of fossil fuels depleting, we need to find an alternative energy source. Biofuel is one considerable option. Although biofuel has not been used widespread, it has been used quite extensively in several(prenominal) countries. such(prenominal) countries include Sri Lanka, China, India, and countries/regions in Africa that have large amounts of wood. Biofuel has appeared to be fairly effective in developing areas, and other countries have started using it. BackgroundBiofuel is energy that is harve sted from biomass done incineration, or combustion of the material. Such biomass materials may include wood, paper, charcoal, crop residue, and agricultural waste. Biofuel is renewable, because such biomass materials base be produced to create biofuel. Many rural areas use biofuels as their major energy source, because biomass tends to be abundant in such areas. Sub-saharan areas depend a lot upon wood. The combustion of biomass releases sources of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide,Biofuel3and hydrocarbons. in that location are many types of biofuel some common ones include methanol and ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The combustion of manure produces one type of biofuel known as biogas, which composes of 65% methane. Biogas can be harvested from manure through a process... ...gy/1183636805.22/?searchterm=biofuel 3. (2003). A History of Biodiesel/Biofuels. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from Yokako Biofuels web site http//www.ybiofuels.org/bio_fuels/history_biofuels.html4. Giampietro, M., Ulgiati, S., & Pimentel, D. Feasability of Large-Scale Biofuel Production. JStor, Retrieved July 25, 2007, from http//www.jstor.org/view/00063568/ap040415/ 04a00080/13?citationAction=save&charset=u&frame=noframe 5. West, Larry The Pros and Cons of Biofuel. Retrieved July 30, 2007, from About.com environmental Issues Web sitehttp//environment.about.com/od/fossilfuels/a/biofuels.htm 6. Yevich, R., & Logan, J.A. (June 30, 2002). An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world . Global Biogeochemical Cyclesi, Retrieved July 19, 2007, from http//www.whrc.org/ policy/ filch/India/Yevich%20and%20Logan.%202003.pdf. Biofuel is An Alternative Energy Source Essay -- Power Energy Bio FuelBiofuel An Alternative Energy SourceAbstractAs the worlds source of fossil fuels diminishes, another source of energy must replace fossil fuels. This paper evaluates biofuel, one alternative form of energy by showing what biofuel is, how it works, its h istorical use, and benefits and drawbacks it pertains. I hypothesized that biofuel would be an effective alternative energy. My conclusion does not support my claim, but in terms of worldwide usage. Introduction With the worlds source of fossil fuels depleting, we need to find an alternative energy source. Biofuel is one considerable option. Although biofuel has not been used widespread, it has been used quite extensively in several countries. Such countries include Sri Lanka, China, India, and countries/regions in Africa that have large amounts of wood. Biofuel has appeared to be fairly effective in developing areas, and other countries have started using it. BackgroundBiofuel is energy that is harvested from biomass through incineration, or combustion of the material. Such biomass materials may include wood, paper, charcoal, crop residue, and agricultural waste. Biofuel is renewable, because such biomass materials can be produced to create biofuel. Many rural areas use biofuels as their major energy source, because biomass tends to be abundant in such areas. Sub-saharan areas depend a lot upon wood. The combustion of biomass releases sources of nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide,Biofuel3and hydrocarbons. There are many types of biofuel some common ones include methanol and ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. The combustion of manure produces one type of biofuel known as biogas, which composes of 65% methane. Biogas can be harvested from manure through a process... ...gy/1183636805.22/?searchterm=biofuel 3. (2003). A History of Biodiesel/Biofuels. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from Yokako Biofuels Web site http//www.ybiofuels.org/bio_fuels/history_biofuels.html4. Giampietro, M., Ulgiati, S., & Pimentel, D. Feasability of Large-Scale Biofuel Production. JStor, Retrieved July 25, 2007, from http//www.jstor.org/view/00063568/ap040415/ 04a00080/13?citationAction=save&charset=u&frame=noframe 5. West, Larry The Pros and Cons of Biofuel. Retrieved July 30, 2007, from About.com Environmental Issues Web sitehttp//environment.about.com/od/fossilfuels/a/biofuels.htm 6. Yevich, R., & Logan, J.A. (June 30, 2002). An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world . Global Biogeochemical Cyclesi, Retrieved July 19, 2007, from http//www.whrc.org/ policy/COP/India/Yevich%20and%20Logan.%202003.pdf.

Comparing Odyssey :: essays research papers

The Odyssey vs. American History XThe Odyssey and American History X dont share similarities in the plot, theme or time period, exactly they have an ingredient common in many stories. Odysseus and Derek are challenged with deadly obstacles and they overcome these difficulties with the help of a mentor. A guide saves both characters and assists them in their government issue home. Odysseus and Derek need the support and help of a trusted promoter who will guide them through their dramatic adventure. Bob Sweeny, a trusted and loyal friend to Derek helped him develop into a well-rounded person. After Derek Vinyards father died, he fell into a self-destructive pattern ultimately leading to racism. After outlay three years in jail, Derek began to realize he needful to liberate himself and his family from this hate-infested lifestyle. Derek turned to Mr. Sweeny and begged for his forgiveness and his help. While in prison, Mr. Sweeny told Derek, your anger is consuming you, your anger is close down the brain god gave you (American History X). Mr. Sweeny guided Derek into the right direction. He understood that in rewrite for Derek to be truly liberated he needed to learn on his own, much like genus Athene. He guided Derek, but never persuaded him to change. Surviving jail was nearly impossible, but with the help of Mr. Sweeny, Derek overcame imprisonment and returned home. Athena is much like Mr. Sweeny, helping Odysseus return home. She disguised Odysseus into a beggar, consulted with other Gods to allow him to return home, and she helped devise a plan to defend his home. Although Athena support Odysseus greatly, she never chose a path he should take, much like Mr. Sweeny. Both Derek and Odysseus show their gratitude toward their mentor, however Odysseus boldly states his affection in the following passage, Mentor, stand by me and remember your old comrade who always did the right thing by you. We are yearsmates (Chapter 22, Page 247). Here, Odysseus thanks Athena for her assistance and her loyalty. This was also done by Derek but in an indirect manner. The most prevalent comparison between these two stories is the relationship between tests and ordeals. Derek must overcome racism in order to survive prison, and Odysseus needs to identify that his excessive pride delayed his return home several years. The gangs in prison threatened Derek every day. They pose a potential negative impact on his family if he continued to demonstrate his hatred.

Communication In the Workplace Essay -- Effective Communication

In an interview with George Lakoff, a linguistics professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Ian A. Boal examines the social, political and economic implications of language and its relationship to the conduit metaphor. The interview, make in Boals essay, Body, Brain and Communication, takes a closer look at the conduit metaphor in connection with computers and communication on the Internet and World Wide Web. to a greater extent importantly, Boal-who is also a Berkeley professor-solicits Lakoffs views of computer technology and artificial intelligence their effects on human values and the basic way people communicate and attend information in todays world. Essentially, the conduit metaphor enables thoughts and ideas to be communicated through connecting cables and wireless transmissions using language as objects and metaphors. An effective conduit metaphor causes the listener to receive and understand the convey behind a message without having to engage in too much thou ght. Comprehension of an idea is achieved intuitively, instinctively or with feeling. The conduit metaphor is a basic emblem belonging to a larger family of metaphors, many of which can be found on Lakoffs Conceptual Metaphors home page at Berkeleys Cognitive Science net site, http//cogsci.berkeley.edu/. The conduit metaphor, as described by its creator Michael Reddy, suggests that the mind can interpret ideas as objects that can be put into words, and thoughts are the organization or purpose of those objects. Reddy says the objects that make up words or language reside in a storage container, or memory, where thoughts and ideas can be retrieved or recalled when needed. When ideas are reborn into words, they can be communicated to someo... ...perform many of their job functions. Just imagine, however, if computers had the ability to not only assume a particular function, but also could think and case in the same manner as you and I. Are human beings really ready for this type of innovation? The answer to this question may come in the beginning that we think. Works Cited Boal, Ian A. Body, Brain and Communication An Interview with George Lakoff. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. Boston. McGraw hillock Publishing. 1998. (21-31). Ehrenreich, Barbara. Put Your Pants On, Demonboy. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. Boston. McGraw Hill Publishing. 1998. (80). Lakoff, George. Conceptual Metaphors. 22 Mar.1994. 23 Mar. 2000. http//cogsci.berkeley.edu/ Shirley, John. Wolves of the Plateau. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. Boston. McGraw Hill Publishing. 1998. (135-141).

Dime Store :: essays papers

Dime StoreI Cant Hear a Damn Word Youre SayingThose who deprecate the free supply of such ficticious works as the public demands, are generally in favor of the entire exclusion of fabrication of a sensational cast, a course which will unavoidably result in alienating from the library the very caste most needing its beneficial cast (Denning, 49).It is obvious here that William Fletcher attached more significance and importance to dime novels than most serious intellectuals did in the late 1800s. In fact, most people, particularly in the middle class, thought dime novels were vulgar and that they caused young children to imitate the actions of the likes of Buffalo Bill and Deadwood Dick. But both the production and the popularity of dime novels (especially) among the working class suggest that something more profound than cheap entertainment compelled them to read these works of fiction. Contrary to what many literary scholars and those in the middle class believed--and perhaps as indicated by the various reactions to them, these plotlines and characters were appealing to the working class on more than just one level.The rate at which dime novels were produced is astounding. William Wallace Cook began by receiving a title and synopsis for a serial, and would then write, adapt and revise installments to meet the ever-changing specifications of the publisher. Almost all the accounts tell the story of novels written at prodigious speed in marathon sessions, and all emphasize the sheer quantity of writing (Denning, 21). It was not uncommon for authors to write entire pieces in one calendar week or less, some not bothering to edit their work. Many admitted that their motivation for writing stories at such a pace was money, but most maintained that the clobber contained in their stories was not lowly or vulgar, but rather, useful.It is interesting to note here that, while the adverse reaction against dime novels eventually became a mirror image of the class that was supposedly reading them, the authors themselves were not from the working class. In fact, the dime novel was a commercial product of a burgeoning industry employing relatively educated professionals--writers who also worked as journalists, teachers, or clerks (45). The judgments passed on those reading the dime novels was limited to the working class but the very material that was thought to be immoral was invented in the minds of middle class people.

The Sound and the Fury :: Essays Papers

About The Sound and the FuryThe Sound and the Fury, published in October of 1929, was Faulkners fourth novel, and clearly his first work of genius. straight considered to be one of the strongest American contributions to the fiction of high modernism, it has generated countless critical interpretations. In writing the novel, Faulkner experienced a creative absorption and passion that he was never to forget. He said of The Sound and the Fury, Its the book I feel tenderest towards. I couldnt leave it alone, and I never could tell it right, though I tried hard and would like to try again, though Id probably fail again. The novel tells the story, from four different perspectives, of the disintegration of a Southern family. The father is unfriendly and passive, and though he clearly loves his children, he drinks himself to death. The invalid mother has no love for her children and continuously demands that she herself be taken care of. Benjy, the mentally retarded parole of whom his mo ther is ashamed, is castrated after he begins to exhibit sexual behavior. Quentin, the troubled and romantic son, goes off to Harvard to fulfill his mothers lifelong wish and commits suicide there. Caddy, the only daughter, becomes enceinte while still a teenager and quickly marries a man who turns her out of the house when he discovers that their child is not his. Caddy is described as loose by many readers of the novel. Jason, the mothers favorite, loses his chance at a well-paying job when Caddys marriage fails and he is reduced to supporting the family by working in a general store. Caddys daughter, named after her brother Quentin, is brought up in the unhappy Compson household although everyone is forbidden to speak her mothers name. Quentin has her revenge upon her Uncle Jason when she steals the $7000 he has gathered by embezzling it from his mother and from bills sent to Quentin by Caddy. The family is supposed to be supported and cared for by a lazy family of black servan ts, led and held together by the matriarch Dilsey (the only nifty person I found in the book). Because of its experimental style, The Sound and the Fury presents a challenge for readers.

The Sound and the Fury :: Essays Papers

About The Sound and the FuryThe Sound and the Fury, published in October of 1929, was Faulkners 4th novel, and clearly his first work of genius. Now considered to be one of the strongest American contributions to the fiction of high modernism, it has generated countless critical interpretations. In writing the novel, Faulkner experienced a creative absorption and passion that he was never to forget. He said of The Sound and the Fury, Its the book I feel tenderest towards. I couldnt leave it alone, and I never could tell it right, though I tried hard and would like to try again, though Id probably fail again. The novel tells the story, from four different perspectives, of the dissolving of a Southern family. The father is unfriendly and passive, and though he clearly loves his peasantren, he drinks himself to death. The invalid mother has no love for her children and continuously demands that she herself be interpreted care of. Benjy, the mentally retarded son of whom his mother is ashamed, is castrated after he begins to exhibit sexual behavior. Quentin, the troubled and romantic son, goes off to Harvard to fulfill his mothers lifelong wish and commits suicide there. Caddy, the only daughter, becomes pregnant while still a teenager and quickly marries a man who turns her out of the house when he discovers that their child is not his. Caddy is described as loose by many readers of the novel. Jason, the mothers favorite, loses his chance at a well-paying job when Caddys marriage fails and he is reduced to supporting the family by working in a general store. Caddys daughter, named after her brother Quentin, is brought up in the unhappy Compson household although everyone is forbidden to speak her mothers name. Quentin has her revenge upon her Uncle Jason when she steals the $7000 he has gathered by embezzling it from his mother and from funds sent to Quentin by Caddy. The family is supposed to be supported and cared for by a lazy family of black servants, led and held unitedly by the matriarch Dilsey (the only good person I found in the book). Because of its experimental style, The Sound and the Fury presents a challenge for readers.

Chapter 10 Mayhem at the Ministry

Mr. Weasley woke them aft(prenominal) only a few hours sleep. He utilise magic to pack up the tents, and they left the campsite as quickly as possible, passing Mr. Roberts at the door of his cottage. Mr. Roberts had a strange, dazed meet near him, and he waved them off with a vague Merry Christmas.Hell be every extreme(predicate) right, state Mr. Weasley quietly as they marched off onto the moor. Sometimes, when a persons memorys modified, it makes him a bit disorientated for a whileand that was a big thing they had to make him forget.They heard urgent voices as they approached the spot where the Portkeys lay, and when they reached it, they found a great number of witches and wizards gathitherd or so Basil, the keeper of the Portkeys, all clamoring to get away from the campsite as quickly as possible. Mr. Weasley had a hurried discussion with Basil they joined the queue, and were fit to take an old rubber tire back to Stoatshead Hill before the sun had really risen. They walk ed back through with(predicate) Ottery St. Catchpole and up the damp lane toward the tunnel in the dawn light, talking very little because they were so exhausted, and thinking longingly of their breakfast. As they rounded the corner and the Burrow came into view, a cry echoed along the lane.Oh thank goodness, thank goodnessMrs. Weasley, who had evidently been waiting for them in the front yard, came running toward them, still wearing her bedroom slippers, her face pale and strained, a rolled-up counterpart of the Daily Prophet clutched in her hired man.Arthur Ive been so worried so worried -She flung her arms slightly Mr. Weasleys neck, and the Daily Prophet fell pop bulge turn egress of her limp hand onto the ground. Looking garbage down, enkindle saw the headline SCENES OF TERROR AT THE QUIDDITCH WORLD CUP, complete with a twinkling black-and-white photograph of the Dark Mark everywhere the treetops.Youre all right, Mrs. Weasley muttered distractedly, releasing Mr. W easley and staring around at them all with red eyes, youre alive.Oh boysAnd to everybodys surprise, she seized Fred and George and pulled them both into such a tight hug that their heads banged together.Ouch Mum youre kill us -I shouted at you before you left Mrs. Weasley utter, starting to sob. Its all Ive been thinking about What if You-Know-Who had got you, and the conclusion thing I ever express to you was that you didnt get enough OW.L.s? Oh FredGeorgeCome on, now, Molly, were all perfectly okay, said Mr. Weasley soothingly, prising her off the twins and leading her back toward the house. bank bill, he added in an undertone, pick up that paper, I want to see what it saysWhen they were all crammed into the tiny getupchen, and Hermione had made Mrs. Weasley a cup of very strong tea, into which Mr. Weasley insisted on pouring a shot of Ogdens Old Firewhiskey, Bill handed his aim the newspaper. Mr. Weasley scanned the front page while Percy looked everywhere his shoulder.I knew it, said Mr. Weasley heavily. Ministry blundersculprits not apprehendedlax shelterDark wizards running unbridlednational disgrace.Who wrote this? Ahof courseRita Skeeter.That womans got it in for the Ministry of Magic said Percy furiously. Last week she was saying were wasting our time quibbling about cauldron thickness, when we should be stamping out vampires As if it wasnt specifically stated in paragraph twelve of the Guidelines for the Treatment of Non-Wizard Part-Humans -Do us a favor, Perce, said Bill, yawning, and shut up.Im mentioned, said Mr. Weasley, his eyes outfit behind his glasses as he reached the bottom of the Daily Prophet article.Where? spluttered Mrs. Weasley, choking on her tea and whiskey. If Id seen that, Id have accreditn you were aliveNot by name, said Mr. Weasley. Listen to this If the terrified wizards and witches who waited breathlessly for news at the edge of the wood expected reassurance from the Ministry of Magic, they were sadly disappointed. A Ministry official emerged near time subsequently the appearance of the Dark Mark alleging that nobody had been hurt, just refusing to give any more information. Whether this statement volition be enough to quash the rumors that several bodies were outside from the woods an hour later, remains to be seen..Oh really, said Mr. Weasley in exasperation, handing the paper to Percy. Nobody was hurt. What was I supposed to say? Rumors that several bodies were removed from the woodswell, there certainly will be rumors now shes printed that.He heaved a deep sigh. Molly, Im sledding to have to go into the office this is going to take some smoothing over.Ill line up with you, Father, said Percy importantly. Mr. accede will need all hands on deck. And I can give him my cauldron report in person.He bustled out of the kitchen. Mrs. Weasley looked most upset.Arthur, youre supposed to be on holiday This hasnt got anything to do with your office surely they can handle this without you?Ive g ot to go, Molly, said Mr. Weasley. Ive made things worse. Ill just change into my robes and Ill be off.Mrs. Weasley, said Harry suddenly, unable to contain himself, Hedwig hasnt arrived with a letter for me, has she?Hedwig, dear? said Mrs. Weasley distractedly. Nono, there hasnt been any post at all.Ron and Hermione looked queerly at Harry. With a meaningful look at both of them he said, All right if I go and dump my stuff in your room, Ron? yeahthink I will in want manner, said Ron at once. Hermione?Yes, she said quickly, and the three of them marched out of the kitchen and up the stairs.Whats up, Harry? said Ron, the moment they had closed the door of the bean plant room behind them.Theres something I havent told you, Harry said. On Saturday morning, I woke up with my scar hurting again.Rons and Hermiones reactions were almost exactly as Harry had imagined them back in his bedroom on Privet Drive. Hermione gasped and started making suggestions at once, mentioning a number of r eference books, and everybody from Albus Dumbledore to Madam Pomfrey, the Hogwarts nurse. Ron simply looked dumbstruck.But he wasnt there, was he? You-Know-Who? I mean last time your scar kept hurting, he was at Hogwarts, wasnt he?Im sure he wasnt on Privet Drive, said Harry. But I was dreaming about himhim and bastard you know, Wormtail. I cant remember all of it now, but they were plotting to killsomeone.He had teetered for a moment on the verge of saying me, but couldnt bring himself to make Hermione look any more horrified than she already did.It was only a dream, said Ron bracingly. Just a nightmare.Yeah, but was it, though? said Harry, turning to look out of the window at the brightening sky. Its weird, isnt it?My scar hurts, and three days later the Death Eaters are on the march, and Voldemorts signs up in the sky again.Dont say his name Ron hissed through gritted teeth.And remember what Professor Trelawney said? Harry went on, ignoring Ron. At the end of last year?Pro fessor Trelawney was their Divination teacher at Hogwarts. Hermiones terrified look vanished as she let out a derisive snort.Oh Harry, you arent going to pay attention to anything that old fraud says?You werent there, said Harry. You didnt hear her. This time was different. I told you, she went into a becharm a real one. And she said the Dark Lord would rise againgreater and more terrible than ever beforeand hed manage it because his servant was going to go back to himand that night Wormtail escaped.There was a silence in which Ron fidgeted absentmindedly with a hole in his Chudley Cannons bedspread.Why were you asking if Hedwig had come, Harry? Hermione asked. ar you expecting a letter?I told Sirius about my scar, said Harry, shrugging. Im waiting for his answer.Good thinking said Ron, his expression clearing. I bet Siriusll know what to doI hoped hed get back to me quickly, said Harry.But we dont know where Sirius ishe could be in Africa or somewhere, couldnt he? said Hermione reasonably. Hedwigs not going to manage that voyage in a few days.Yeah, I know, said Harry, but there was a leaden feeling in his stomach as he looked out of the window at the Hedwig-free sky.Come and have a game of Quidditch in the orchard, Harry said Ron. Come on three on three, Bill and Charlie and Fred and George will play.You can try out the Wronski Feint.Ron, said Hermione, in an I-dont-think-youre-being-very-sensitive sort of voice, Harry doesnt want to play Quidditch right now.Hes worried, and hes tired.We all need to go to bedYeah, I want to play Quidditch, said Harry suddenly. Hang on, Ill get my Firebolt.Hermione left the room, muttering something that sounded very much equivalent Boys.Neither Mr. Weasley nor Percy was at home much over the following week. Both left the house each morning before the rest of the family got up, and returned well after dinner every night.Its been an absolute uproar, Percy told them importantly the Sunday evening before they were due to re turn to Hogwarts. Ive been putting out fires all week. People keep direct Howlers, and of course, if you dont open a Howler straight away, it explodes. Scorch marks all over my desk and my best quill reduced to cinders.Why are they all send Howlers? asked Ginny, who was mending her copy of One Thousand Magical Herbs and Fungi with Spellotape on the rug in front of the living room fire.Complaining about security at the World Cup, said Percy. They want compensation for their ruined property. Mundungus Fletchers put in a claim for a twelve-bedroomed tent with en-suite Jacuzzi, but Ive got his number. I know for a fact he was sleeping under a cloak propped on sticks.Mrs. Weasley glanced at the grandfather clock in the corner. Harry liked this clock. It was exclusively useless if you wanted to know the time, but otherwise very informative. It had nine golden hands, and each of them was engraved with one of the Weasley familys names. There were no numerals around the face, but descripti ons of where each family member mightiness be. Home, school, and seduce were there, but there was also traveling, lost, hospital, prison, and, in the position where the number twelve would be on a linguistic rule clock, mortal peril.Eight of the hands were currently pointing to the home position, but Mr. Weasleys, which was the longest, was still pointing to work. Mrs. Weasley sighed.Your father hasnt had to go into the office on weekends since the days of You-Know-Who, she said. Theyre working him far too hard. His dinners going to be ruined if he doesnt come home soon.Well, Father feels hes got to make up for his mistake at the match, doesnt he? said Percy. If truth be told, he was a tad unwise to make a public statement without clearing it with his Head of Department first -Dont you dare blame your father for what that wretched Skeeter woman wrote said Mrs. Weasley, flaring up at once.If Dad hadnt said anything, old Rita would just have said it was disgraceful that nobody from the Ministry had commented, said Bill, who was playing chess with Ron. Rita Skeeter never makes anyone look good. Remember, she interviewed all the Gringotts Charm Breakers once, and called me a long-haired pillock?Well, it is a bit long, dear, said Mrs. Weasley gently. If youd just let me -No, Mum. rainfall lashed against the living room window. Hermione was immersed in The Standard Book of Spells, Grade 4, copies of which Mrs. Weasley had bought for her, Harry, and Ron in Diagon Alley. Charlie was darning a fireproof balaclava. Harry was polishing his Firebolt, the broomstick servicing kit Hermione had given him for his thirteenth birthday open at his feet. Fred and George were sitting in a far corner, quills out, talking in whispers, their heads bent over a typography of parchment.What are you two up to? said Mrs. Weasley sharply, her eyes on the twins.Homework, said Fred vaguely.Dont be ridiculous, youre still on holiday, said Mrs. Weasley.Yeah, weve left it a bit late, said G eorge.Youre not by any chance writing out a new order form, are you? said Mrs. Weasley shrewdly. You wouldnt be thinking of restarting Weasleys Wizard Wheezes, by any chance?Now, Mum, said Fred, flavour up at her, a pained look on his face. If the Hogwarts Express crashed tomorrow, and George and I died, how would you feel to know that the last thing we ever heard from you was an unfounded accusation?Everyone laughed, even Mrs. Weasley.Oh your fathers coming she said suddenly, looking up at the clock again.Mr. Weasleys hand had suddenly spun from work to traveling a second later it had shuddered to a halt on home with the others, and they heard him calling from the kitchen.Coming, Arthur called Mrs. Weasley, hurrying out of the room.A few moments later, Mr. Weasley came into the doting living room carrying his dinner on a tray. He looked completely exhausted.Well, the fats really in the fire now, he told Mrs. Weasley as he sat down in an armchair near the hearth and toyed unenthus iastically with his somewhat shriveled cauliflower. Rita Skeeters been ferreting around all week, looking for more Ministry mess-ups to report. And now shes found out about hapless old Bertha going missing, so thatll be the headline in the Prophet tomorrow. I told Bagman he should have sent someone to look for her ages ago.Mr. Crouch has been saying it for weeks and weeks, said Percy swiftly.Crouch is very comfortable Rita hasnt found out about Winky, said Mr. Weasley irritably. Thered be a weeks worth of headlines in his house-elf being caught safekeeping the wand that conjured the Dark Mark.I thought we were all agreed that that elf, while irresponsible, did not conjure the Mark? said Percy hotly.If you ask me, Mr. Crouch is very lucky no one at the Daily Prophet knows how mean he is to elves said Hermione angrily.Now look here, Hermione said Percy. A high-ranking Ministry official like Mr. Crouch deserves unswerving obedience from his servants -His slave, you mean said Hermion e, her voice rising passionately, because he didnt pay Winky, did he?I think youd all better go upstairs and check that youve packed properly said Mrs. Weasley, breaking up the argument. Come on now, all of you.Harry repacked his broomstick servicing kit, put his Firebolt over his shoulder, and went back upstairs with Ron. The rain sounded even louder at the top of the house, accompanied by loud whistlings and moans from the wind, not to mention sporadic howls from the ghoul who lived in the attic. Pigwidgeon began twittering and zooming around his cage when they entered. The sight of the half-packed trunks seemed to have sent him into a frenzy of excitement.Bung him some Owl Treats, said Ron, throwing a packet across to Harry. It might shut him up.Harry poked a few Owl Treats through the bars of Pigwidgeons cage, then turned to his trunk. Hedwigs cage stood next to it, still empty.Its been over a week, Harry said, looking at Hedwigs deserted perch. Ron, you dont reckon Sirius has b een caught, do you?Nah, it wouldve been in the Daily Prophet, said Ron. The Ministry would want to show theyd caught someone, wouldnt they?Yeah, I suppose.Look, heres the stuff Mum got for you in Diagon Alley. And shes got some gold out of your vault for youand shes washed all your socks.He heaved a pile of parcels onto Harrys camp bed and dropped the money bag and a tear of socks next to it. Harry started unwrapping the shopping. Apart from The Standard Book of Spells, Grade 4, by Miranda Goshawk, he had a handful of new quills, a dozen rolls of parchment, and refills for his potion-making kit he had been running low on spine of lionfish and essence of belladonna. He was just piling underwear into his cauldron when Ron made a loud noise of beat back behind him.What is that supposed to be?He was holding up something that looked to Harry like a long, maroon velvet dress. It had a moldy-looking lace frill at the collar and matching lace cuffs.There was a knock on the door, and Mrs. Weasley entered, carrying an armful of freshly laundered Hogwarts robes.Here you are, she said, sorting them into two piles. Now, mind you pack them properly so they dont crease.Mum, youve given me Ginnys new dress, said Ron, handing it out to her.Of course I havent, said Mrs. Weasley. Thats for you. Dress robes.What? said Ron, looking horror-struck.Dress robes repeated Mrs. Weasley. It says on your school proclivity that youre supposed to have dress robes this yearrobes for formal occasions.Youve got to be kidding, said Ron in disbelief. Im not wearing that, no way.Everyone wears them, Ron said Mrs. Weasley crossly. Theyre all like that Your fathers got some for smart partiesIll go starkers before I put that on, said Ron stubbornly.Dont be so silly, said Mrs. Weasley. Youve got to have dress robes, theyre on your list I got some for Harry tooshow him, Harry.In some trepidation, Harry opened the last parcel on his camp bed. It wasnt as bad as he had expected, however his dress ro bes didnt have any lace on them at all in fact, they were more or less the kindred as his school ones, except that they were bottle green instead of black.I thought theyd bring out the color of your eyes, dear, said Mrs. Weasley fondly.Well, theyre okay said Ron angrily, looking at Harrys robes. Why couldnt I have some like that?Becausewell, I had to get yours secondhand, and there wasnt a lot of choice said Mrs. Weasley, flushing.Harry looked away. He would willingly have split all the money in his Gringotts vault with the Weasleys, but he knew they would never take it.Im never wearing them, Ron was saying stubbornly. Never.Fine, snapped Mrs. Weasley. Go naked. And, Harry, make sure you get a picture of him. Goodness knows I could do with a laugh.She left the room, slamming the door behind her. There was a remaining spluttering noise from behind them. Pigwidgeon was choking on an overlarge Owl Treat.Why is everything I own rubbish? said Ron furiously, striding across the room to unstick Pigwidgeons beak.

The Person Who Inspires Me

Do I Still Have Any Reason to Live? By darol_maranan_07 Name? Girolene Garcia. Everyone calls me Gigi. Not tho because its my first name, but also becuse its what my initials spell out. 16 long time of age. I guess it will end in that number. Im about to die anyway I shall cut myself with this razor, or maybe yet jump from the top of this establishment Do I still fuck off any reason to run? Everyone sees me as worthless woman of this world. They say I have never done anythind good. Depressing, isnt it? why should I beam this heavy burden all throughout my entire life?Living in this world is like being subjected to eternal damnation. You want to know wherefore it turned out like this? By looking at your baffled expressions, I can see that you desire to know about my decision in termination this life of mine. Well, Sir and Madam please listen carefully to the story of my life. People brand me as a juvenile delinquent. I am provided a teenager. Young in both mind and body. Vulnera ble to mistakes and immaturity. In my current state, I am carefree. I swim in the pool of pleasure. I rarely go to school. You could easily spot me at the nearby street at Pauntum.Smoking, singing in the videoke machine or just looking at the cute guyspassing by. Parents? Hmmm. They exist? I dont even know that thryre there. There was this time when I asked Mom about my science assignment. She answered (God) dirt it Cant you see Im busy preparing for my Tong-its? Yes, she was always busy with Mahjong,Tong-its. Those kinds of games I asked Dad the same question. He answered ngrrrhhh Heres ahundred bucks. Go ask your neighbor or your hot teacher ngrrrhhh Father was drinking with the neighbors, as usual. I never had the best grades in schoolStill Im in Grade 5. I never really excelled in any part. One time, I was asked by my teacher to answer a math problem. Ms. Garcia Answer this 90 divided by 10?. My teacher told me. I couldnt answer. I dont know the answer. I dont know how to g et the answer. Hoping for Lady Luck to save me, I guessed. 19? Each one of my classmates laughed at my stupidity. STUPID IDIOT ITS 19 How black of you Go home and wash your filthy clothes Bettr yet Wash your Brain. This is, if you have one? Hysteric laughter filled the small room. I was humiliated, embarrassed, ashemed.Me, the oldest mortal of the class, could not even answer a simple mathematical problem. My teacheer yelled You cant even divide 90 by 10 Why bother coming here when you dont even learn? Just go home worthless imbecible That is how my school lifes like. Friends? I have none. Everyone of them loathes me. I tried approaching one. I said with a calm approach. Hi there Can you be my friend? She replie HELL NO Id rather be fat and ugly than being friends with a stupid girl who cant even divide 90 by 10. I asked other people and the replies i got were Eeeww Why should I? There is no reason why I should befriend a individual like you. If I were you, Id take a b ath. You look and smell disgusting. this and that,this and that Guhhh No one wants tobe near me. Each time I fall upon of such jeers from everyone around me. I weep in depression. What have I done to deserve this kind of castigation? Why did God forsake everything from me? though I may have the face of Ann Curtis, the body of Marian Rivera and the voice of Sarah Geronimo (sing A very Special Love), what you see is not always what you get.What I am is a young misled teenage girl, in need of someone to counsel me, to enlighten my way and to guide me towards the right path. Throughout my 16 years of living, I have never encountered that someone. I guess, there may be no reason for me to live. I ask for you judgement. I know somehow that youll load me for being another bane of this society, reckless and rebellious, but thats my only way to express my demand of attention and love. I cherished to scape, I wanted to find someone whom I could share story with, someone who would bestowe me the best advice, someone omeone but how? none would bother to heed. I never wanted to live this kind of life, no direction and miserable. what I want now is to be free from all of this. Thats why I came up into a dicision of terminating my life. I am more ready to face death than to face insults all over again at least when Im gone, I am so much fed up. Maybe, after the long run, people woudld appreciate my existence. So everyone, before its too late Im mendicancy you to answer me, is ther anymore reason for meto live?

The Basseri of Iran: the Tent People

The Basseri are pastoral nomads that live in Iran and migrate along steppes and mountains throughout the year. The groups they live in are typically carve up by independent households referred to as tents. They have a very deliberate political structure and are well organized. Their leaders have to lead about for the people because if the common Basseri do non agree or believe in the boss then they give take their herd to an alternative captain. The Basseri of Iran are a very traditional and focused community, the following pages should give you a small glimpse into their daily lives, their beliefs values and culture.The Basseri culture is made up of single(a) households which are referred to as tents. Each tent has independent ownership of the property in the tent unit and the livestock. The man is the head of his own tent. For ease they will combine multiple tents and herds the animals together. The Basseri arise camp and move completely every three to four days. This is n ot uncommon to them, its their way of life. The women and children typically break down camp and move to the new location and set camp back up while the men herd the animals. Headmen are leaders of a camp that are recognized by the Basseri chief.There can also be what is called a White Beard, which is an informal leader that represents the camp if there is not a Headmen in the camp. These leaders represent each camp in political and administrative ways. Headmen can communicate much more freely with the Basseri chief than a common tribe member. The chief does not give them authority though. (Johnson, 1996) The Basseri chief is over a large centralized political system. He has native authority over all the members of the Basseri tribe. The chief is often own as the Khan. The Khan can give orders to anyone in the tribe and they must obey.This is called the omnipotent Khan. The chief status is shown by his urban villas or larger tents. All the members of the tribe acknowledge his autho rity and treat his immediate family almost as royalty as well. The Basseri faith is Shia Muslims. However, they do not follow the customs and rituals as the other Islamic followers. Their customers and rituals are based more on the life cycles and not religion. They do rituals and celebrate births, death, coming of age, etc. The fast of Ramadan and the feast of Moharram, which are of central importance to the surrounding Muslims, are observed only by a hardly a(prenominal) Basseri. (Johnson, 1996)

Price And Non Price Competition In Markets Economics Essay

Every one set up the concern for the interest net incomes.Firms sell nighs and expediencys through a assortment of direct and verifying channels.In order to increase the net income orto increase the gross of the house we can follow the financial nourish competition or non-price competition.In the monetary hold dear competition companies seek to pull clients broad(a)ly on the footing of merchandise price.In this seller s seek to act upon client necessity in general through altering the monetary levers of the merchandises.In the non pricecompetition cost of thecost of the merchandise is minimized and other doing factors ar maximized by the creative activity of a emblematic quality well-nigh the merchandise such as its design, public presentation, advertisement, complementary and utility goods, handiness, client services and trueness plans.In monopoly market monetary nourish competition is more good to the houses because merely few Sellerss ar available in the market.In oligopoly market non monetary value competition is more good to the houses because market is controlled by the little group of houses.In monopolistic market non monetary value competition is more good to the signifiers because it is imperfect competition in short tally and perfect competition in long tally analysis.Unilever limited$ 140 $ 150$ 140 reach & A Gamble$ 15012000 1200029000 110003000 2100020000 20000For the above illustration it can demo the monetary value competition.when of all time the monetary set argon remains equivalent in the $ 140 and the net income of the monetary value remains unchanged.Most of the houses followed by the dominant scheme. In the monetary value competition that depends up on the oppositions motion. That s why houses are largely used in non monetary value competition. For illustration Pepsi Cola and Cocos nucifera Cola are ever used in the non monetary value competition. rubberyityIn order to mensurate this reactivity of quality to monetary value alterations, and finally tinct on the entire gross. It is called snap. It is defined as the per centum alteration in one variable relation to a per centum alteration in another variable.Ep= ( a?Q/a?P ) * ( P/Q )Where Ep= Coefficient of monetary value snapa?Q=percentage alteration in measurea?P=percentage alteration in monetary valuea?=absolute alterationThe measure geted or supplied alterations will alter when the monetary value alterations. This is do itn as monetary value snap of demand and monetary value snap of supply severally. Elasticity is a step of comparatively alterations.If the monetary value of the mandatory goods can be increased and the consumer can take the complementary goods so it is called elastic and the consumer can non take the complementary goods, they are mandatory goods so it called inelastic.In general, Oligopolies involve a spectacular sum of non-price competition. Product development is one country of competition, and advertisement makes up a big part of non-price competition as good. Oligopolists are big houses and hence can afford to publicizeMonetary value is the value placed on what is exchanged. Something of value is exchanged for satisfaction and public-service corporation, includes touchable ( functional ) and intangible ( prestigiousness ) factors.Buyers must find if the public-service corporation gained from the exchange is worth the purchasing power that must be sacrificed. Price represents the value of a good/service among possible purchases and for guaranting competition among Sellerss in an unfastened market economic system.Sellers need to understand the value consumers derive from a merchandise and utilize this as a footing for pricing a merchandise must make this if we are client oriented.Percentage alteration in measure demanded comparative to the per centum alteration in monetary value.% alteration in Qtty demanded % alteration in monetary valueElastic demand is more sensitive to monetary value than inelastic demand.Elastic demand, greater than1Inelastic demand, less than 1Unitary demand, equal to 1TR = Price * QttyIf demand is elastic so alteration in monetary value causes an opposite alteration in the entire gross.If demand is inelastic so alteration in monetary value causes the same alteration in the entire gross.The less elastic the demand, the more good it is for the marketer to increase monetary value.Demand is more supply is less so the of the merchandise monetary value will be additions. It can be possible in merely in the monopoly market.because individual house leads the full market.In the same manner when the demand is more supply is less so the merchandise of the monetary value will non be additions in the oligopoly market because in the oligopoly all the houses holding the same monetary value and varies the merchandise in the nonprice competition.In the shop they arranged all washs in the similar heap parents are side by side. In the shop the two merchandises of the different trade names are arranged side by side so the demand and monetary values of the different trade names are same.In the monopolistic market two more houses lead the market.in the monopolistic market too follows the nonprice competition.Choosing the right lave can be a hard undertaking. There are 100s of trade names, each with infinite assortments, runing from conditioning shampoo to anti-dandruff shampoo.most work forces could care less virtually what type of shampoo they use.A So demo your adult male some love byA purchasing himA a shampoo that will maintain his hair healthy.A wet is the first ingredient in all shampoos. Detergent is the 2nd ingredient listed on a shampoo label. The staying ingredients include moisturizers, thickenings, conditioners, aromas, infusions, dyes, and more.If happening a hairdresser to swear out is unrealistic, there are a couple easy things to retrieve about happening a professional shampoo. Coarse hair tends to be more potato chip and dry, so use a heavier shampoo with humidifying belongingss. Fine hair lays flatter and suffers from inactive, so avoid volume shampoos as they can dry out as yet more, and concentrate on light wet. Curly hair can be coarse of mulct, but by and large, utilizing a shampoo that has frizz combatants and wet is the opera hat option, like Redken s Fresh Curls. For saturation treated hair types, most professional trade names have formulated all of their shampoos to be colour safe. For added protection, nevertheless, alternate a colour shampoo with a wet or equilibrating shampoo. Oily hair needs a reconciliation shampoo to modulate the pH of the hair and scalp, like Matrix s Normalizing Shampoo. For utmost waterlessness and flaking, any shampoo with tea tree or batch oils for ingredients is preferred.Professional trade name shampoos are the best option for soft, healthy, and glistening hair. With easy entree to them, cheap monetary values, and so much assortment for different hair textur es, there s no alibi for cognizing how to truly take attention of hair.Hair strands are made up of protein or ceratin. They have a softer, more fictile indoors called the cerebral mantle, and a harder, stronger run alonging called the cuticle. Most generic shampoos are non strong plenty to properly perforate the cuticle and cleanse the interior of the hair strand, which is the business concern of shampoo. Alternatively, they coat the cuticle and merely buildup on the hair. Since most shop trade name shampoos are made with more detergent and sulphates, the buildup they cause is normally bendable and heavy. Particularly for adult females who perm, relax, or colourise their hair, these shampoos will turn glistening, healthy hair into dull, weighed down strandsLearn why its better to purchase professional shampoo and how to happen the best one or your budget, life manner and hair type.In the shampoo industry there are figure of trade names.Each trade name can be manufactured by many merchandises, and the every merchandise has many types.All the trade names are manufactured merchandises like Antidandruff, difference of hair autumn, black and satiny, to acquire vitamins, long and turn hair.I visited a local super market Spencers, consult the gross revenues director ( koteswararao ) .i enquiry about how much infinite allocated for shampoos. He tells that 2.3 % of the entire volume of the store.in this shop all the shampoos are placed in the left corner of the entryway. That row contains 7racks all of them are FMCG products.The 3 rack is allocated for shampoos.The trade names that i ound in the rack are Hindustan unilever limited, procter and gamble, cavin attention, Himalaya drug company, loreal, ITC, Godrej and many more trade names.Trade namemerchandises lacunaallocatedMarketsizeHindustanUnileverLimitedSun silk, Dove,All clear, clinic plus35 %50 %Procter & A GambleHead & A shoulders,Pantene, wella, Rejoice25 %16 %Cavin attentionMeera, chik, Nyle15 %19 %Himalay a drugCompanyHimalaya herb teas5 %15 %GodrejNeem, Johnson & A Johnson, kesini5 %LorealLoreal, Garnier10 %ITCVivel extremist pro5 %I find that many clients are willing to purchase hul merchandises. I asked one of the client why all of them are purchasing shampoos and what are the benefits to you.He tell that on watching advertizements he started purchasing hul merchandises.and besides tells that hul has more assortment of merchandises and they are updating the merchandises frequently.By this ever getsa new stock.the ingredients which are utilizing hul merchandises are non harmul to our health.the monetary value of the hul merchandises are sensible and available to all the categories of the people.thats why he is taking hul merchandises.Compared the rural and urban countries, urban countries are more gross revenues in shampoos because it is hard to acquire natural products.hul merchandises are more interact with the all sorts of countries. Most of the people populating in the urban countries are coming from the rural.they all of them know hulproducts.thats why hul merchandises has more gross revenues comparing to the other trade names.When the demand of the shampoo additions monetary value is automatically lessenings, because if any merchandise has more demand so automatically many of them starts the concern.Hul has a greater supply and the other are comparatively low compared to hul.thats why the supply of hul additions monetary value besides increases.shampoos are inelastic merchandises because there are no complement products.in this quality demanded or supplied alterations will alter when the monetary value alterations.

Conflict Can Have Tragic Consequences for Everyone.

Conflict can have tragic consequences for everyone as the women portrayed in Berefords choose, nirvana Road, react in a catastrophic manner in the events that lead on as the film progresses. The characters in the film argon based on actual masses nurses or wives of major officials and civilians. These women are caught up in the global passage of arms of World War II and those who manage to survive are, despite any affirmatory outcomes, are indefinablely damaged by their encounter with conflict both physically and emotionally.These moments of great unrest are captured in the film that innocent nation are too often becoming caught up in and suffer from the effects of great struggle that are not of their own making. The viewers are powerfully positioned to recognise with the three main protagonists, Adrienne, Margaret and Susan, as they come to a conditions with the cruel and frequently tragic circumstances of their situation. In the films go-ahead scene, we observe a sight of t he protected and usual lives led by women who were fairly unimportant to the conflict of war.Now, plunged into a terrifyingly brutal and unknown world, they come crossways the tragic consequences of the conflict. On the voyage to the camp, Beresford highlights the ordinary qualities of the women as they move violently to retain their meagre property or endeavour to help each other endure the long walk. Afraid, starving and exhausted, the women are herded like cattle. On their appearance in Sumatra they see the disengaged head of a following prisoner displayed on a pole in the public square.The tragedies that occurred in the prisoners turn out to be a part of their daily lives, as many gave in to the belongings of untreated sickness. The scene with the two children creating simple wooden coffins for dead babies evidently highlights the tragedy of the conflict in the lives of normal people, and suggests that no reason can justify the dreadful consequences of violent conflict. Childr en are a figure of innocence in the film. The innocent suffers the most in situations of tremendous conflict.The camp cemetery, with its rows upon rows of white crosses, is exposed as the camera pans across the penal complex compound throughout a performance of the vocal orchestra, enlightening the large numbers of prisoners who died all through the course of their imprisonment. The film also shows how intense conflict situations positions everyday people beneath a strange pressure, provoking and exacerbating conflicts on a private level, both surrounded by and within individuals.Stressed, sorrowing and deprived, a number of the women in Paradise Road find themselves positioned in a ethically and politically compromised condition when confronted with the option as to whether to remain at the Japanese officers club, providing sex in return for food and comfort, or to return to the camp. Those who choose to be recognise by the proceeds of the officers who are not only prostituting themselves but are also consorting with the enemy.Likewise, Adrienne was positioned in a compromising situation when she was asked if the orchestra will carry out a Japanese song for Colonel Hirota. She refuses, risking cruel punishment. At the same time, she makes a diverse option, to that of the women of the officers club, Beresford emphasises that war, and the struggle for survival, places harshly and unusual stress on individuals, which is able to cause them to act in ways they would not normally behave as Sister Wilhelmina intelligently acknowledges, it is not fair to judge the events of others in a period of severe disagreement.In conclusion, conflict has the potential to allow an individual the ability to face challenges in order to overcome them and finally to grow as a person. The range of conflicts that acts as a basis towards venous responses ranging from the extreme life changing circumstances to those that are minor, but yet a significant ambition to change. Refereeing to the film Paradise Road we have seen many faces that have been challenged trough out their lives. However the women are able to follow their presence with the determination, courage and peace.

Definition of following terms Essay

Time value of moneyThis refers to the principle that a dollar on hand today has much value than a dollar received sometime in the future. Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Titman, S. (2014). Financial concern Principles and Applications (12th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.. Efficient marketRefers to the type of market where everyone receives the same time of selective information and prices are reflected based on this information. Business Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/efficient-market.html Primary versus auxiliary marketPrimary market refers to the securities a company sells for the first time for the enjoyment of raising money. Securities traded after initial investment are done through the secondary market. In the primary market, the issuing firm receives the money in the secondary market if the shareholder of the firm decides to sell he receives the money. Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Titman, S. (2014). Financial Management Principles and Applications (12th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.. Risk-return tradeoffThis principle is based on the risk that investors are willing to publication for a promise of higher returns on investments. Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Titman, S. (2014). Financial Management Principles and Applications (12th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc..Agency (principal and agent problems)Refers to the problem companies face in motivating their managers who act as agents in pursuing the interests of the owners (shareholders). Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Titman, S. (2014). Financial Management Principles and Applications (12th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.. Market information and security prices and information asymmetry Security prices change as information is provided to all investors. In credit line in information Asymmetry one party may benefit from having more sources of information and therefore making better decisions. What is Information Asymmetry. (2014). Retrieved from http //www.investorwords.com/2461/information_asymmetry.html Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., & Titman, S. (2014). Financial Management Principles and Applications (12th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.. Agile and lean principlesThe lean principle in Finance refers to the production practice that companies use in which they target to minimize waste and use the the to the lowest degree amount of resources to meet the customers needs. Organizations that use agile type of processes allow to work on smaller projects to revamp production, maximize collabo proportionalityn and allow for more pliable schedules. What is Project Management. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.villanovau.com/resources/project-management/what-is-project-management/.VFKo2vldWSo Return on investmentIts a form of investment measurement that shows how efficiently a company is using its resources. This ratio is usually expressed as a percentage. http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/return-on-investment-ROI.htmlCash flow and a source of valueThis is the money a company has after it has gainful its bills and after it has used the money necessary to operate the business. The value of a companys investment lies in the amount of cash flow on hand(predicate) to spend. The Free Dictionary. (2009). Retrieved from http//financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cash+flowProject managementThis refers to the processes that involves all aspects of a project, ensuring that it is done well, on time and within budget. Processes in Project management accept initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, controlling, and closing. What is Project Management. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.villanovau.com/resources/project-management/what-is-project-management/.VFKo2vldWSo Outsourcing and offshoringOutsourcing happens when a company contracts the services of a third party to do the work for the purpose to increase efficiency and lower costs. As opposed to offshoring this does not have to happen out of the country. Offshoring happens when a company moves abroad to reduce the costs of running its operations. What is the Difference between Outsourcing and Offshoring. (2003-2014). Retrieved from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-difference-between-outsourcing-and-offshoring.htmInventory swageInventory turnover is a form of measurement of how frequently a company sells and replenishes its inventory. The Free Dictionary. (2009). Retrieved from http//financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ Inventory+TurnoverJust-in-time inventory (JIT)JIT inventory system maximizes the gelt by just keeping enough inventory as needed and making more frequent orders, saving space and the money associated with keeping up with large inventories. Wise Geek. (2013-2014). Retrieved from http//www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-just-in-time-inventory.htm Vendor managed inventory (VMI)It is the type of inventory model where the manufacturer is responsible for keeping up with the levels of the companys inventory. Vendor Manag ed Inventory. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.vendormanagedinventory.com/definition.php

Digital Nation

Social media, handheld devices and the Internet have greatly improved the quality of life in the 21st Century. This is a good time to be alive because of all the modern forms of communication. This is the statement which I think is correct and is the main theme of the documental Digital Nation Live on the Virtual Frontier. The world is now in the age of information and highly advanced learning specifically in the field of science and technology. It can practically be felt by almost all people in most parts of the world as the globe has grow smaller and much manageable, so to speak.Communication from opposite sides of the planet which was only possible through long distance voice calls less than twain decades ago can now happen in the blink of an eye through chat and e-mails. Education has become much advanced, information has become more readily accessible, and learning has become less rigid. Offices have now adopted new technology, some even setting up their practical(pren ominal) offices online without necessarily insurance coverage to a regular office to work.Even military combat which some years ago entailed much casualties has become less risky, thanks to virtual technology. As shown in the said video, most kids these days be already trained on the computer shortly after they begin to read and write. This means that the children of today go out be more equipped with technological bopledge when they reach our age. It is just amazing what the video shows where very young children can already create blogs, circumvent videos and do other high-tech stuff on the computer.This confirms what one of the interviewees in the video said that these kids are the natives in this technology, and we are mere immigrants. Some of the things they know were not taught to them but they instinctively knew how to feel their way into this environment which they readily adapted to in an effortless manner. Therefore, at the rate the standard of education is going, it is pass judgment that the world will be more inclined to become a more technologically-dependent world in the near future.As of now, most people cannot function usually anymore without their being wired to their gadgets and/or not being online. Five or ten years ago, this was not a common scenario as on that point were lesser technological gadgets, devices and contraptions available, but things have changed a lot since then. These days, students at the M. I. T. who are supposed to be the most intelligent students in the U. S. have become a distracted bunch as they claim to be multi-taskers but fail at all aspects of the test given to them.Still, there is hope for these kids as they still have the academic capabilities within them all they need is just a little adjustment from the distractions affecting them so they can be more focused on their tasks. The virtual world has also given most offices the capacity to allow their employees to work on telecommute. This means lesser eff ort and expenses for the thespian to go to his/her regular job and makes work more efficient and cost-effective. This set-up would not have been possible a decade ago since work then meant report to the office and actual presence was needed for the 8-hour job.Furthermore, the prevalence of online jobs on the internet confirms this proclivity towards more virtual employment in the offing as the virtual environment becomes a more familiar venue for human activity. In conclusion, there are numerous advantages which have been brought about by the so-called come on of Technology, and these far outweigh the disadvantages like addiction to internet gaming, gambling and other similar problems. The future is certainly worth-anticipating as current advances in technology are already mind-blowing, hence, a higher degree of advancement will be most likely indescribable.

Media and Sexuality

I feel the embarrassment of women in advertising usually revolve about on women being considered as male sexual objects. The complete AXE campaign in commercials treats twain men and women as dense idiots, and assumes that young men will accept that crop-dustinging crap on themselves will attract hot young women. The commercials has the man spraying magic cologne known as axe, he becomes the sexual object of womens desire. Literally hundreds of women be running through the Jungle hunting blue a smell as their life depends on it. When they reach the meal, the prey, which is a man is spraying Axe all over his body.The sad part is how many guys fall for it. The advertising works. My teenagerage stepson has his cronies over incessantly during the week and weekends. My basement known as the hangout smells like an Axe bomb Just got dropped. When their friends who be girls are coming over it is the worst, they put on twice as much. I basically desire to suffocate my self in sweet smelling air fresheners, It reminds me of my high school experience when all the teen boys drowned themselves in Calvin Klein cologne. I have tried to ell them that they major power be actually offending some of the girls, because they might have viewed the Axe commercial.Their reaction Is No way man, chicks goes crazy over this stuff. Are men in truth senseless enough to believe that If they spray themselves with something In a can that beautiful women as delimit by the media will intensely throw themselves at them? The commercial shows attractive women tackling down guys that spray It on but It also makes guys look like Idiots because In real life no one believes move on a cheap body spray will attract anyone. It concern me because guys who has low self esteem or are suffering from not being attracted to women are desperate enough to defile Axe products.In the Hardens ad, well-known celebrity, Kim Sardinian, Is and Is shown eating one of the hamburger chains salads. There are two strategies going on In the ad. The first one Is the use of a celebrity to remove the product, and the second one Is the scheme that uses sex appeal. The low cut dress shows off Christians full cleavage, and the spotlight seems to be on that take in Instead of the focus merchandise, the salad. The media plays sexuality because Its market direct they give people what they want, when they want It. For men, beauty In women Is very Important, for women beauty In men Is less.A man can be considered very attractive by women without being particular handsome, or handsome at all. Media and Sexuality By sprightlinesss have viewed the Axe commercial. Their response is No way man, chicks goes crazy over this stuff. Are men really senseless enough to believe that if they spray themselves with something in a can that beautiful women as defined by the media cackling down guys that spray it on but it also makes guys look like idiots because in celebrity, Kim Sardinian, is and is shown eati ng one of the hamburger chains salads.There are two strategies going on in the ad. The first one is the use of a celebrity to sell the product, and the second one is the plan that uses sex appeal. The that feature instead of the focus merchandise, the salad. The media plays sexuality because its market led they give people what they want, when they want it. For men, beauty in women is very important, for women beauty in men is less. A man can be

Zumba

Sydney Trumbo An Evaluation My Zumba Class Experience My workweekly practice r forthine typically broods of strainning on the treadmill for an hour three days a week and apply weights to strengthen my upper body and core two days a week. The lyceum I be ample to provides a variety of exercise kinsfolkes however I do not take returns of this perk. When it comes to coordination I am a bit challenged. It takes me longer to understand and follow the instructors elbow rooms. The popular opinion of making a fool out of myself in front of a group of people causes me a great deal of anxiety.My major concern has always been that I will not be satisfactory to keep up with the instructor or the other course of instruction participants. If infomercials are an indication of the current tr lasts in exercise then Zumba seems to be fairly popular. While scanning T. V. channels late at dark I often come across an infomercial for this upbeat dance workout. Taking angiotensin-converting enzyme of the Zumba var.es my gym offers seemed like a unassailable choice for my evaluation assignment. One reason for my decision was to force myself to revolve about(predicate) on the cardio workout I would get rather than whether or not I was making a fool out of myself.I also wanted to see if Zumba was as enjoyable as the infomercials made it look. I did a little research on Zumba before taking the screen out. I wanted to get an creative thinker of what this new exercise craze was all about. It actually started back in the 1990s, when a dance instructor, Alberto Perez, forgot the medical specialty he was supposed to use for an aerobics differentiate. He land uped up improvising his dance class, by using merengue and salsa music instead. After seeing the success it had in Colombia, Perez moved to the United States in 2001 in an movement to get his new dance concept discover. Zumba became a huge hit among the fitness world.It includes slow and sporting rhythm dances, and is essentially available to all ages because of the wide range of classes available. When it comes to the Zumba class offered at my gym, I expect it would be designed for physically fit individuals between the ages of 16 and 55. Prior to taking part in an actual Zumba class I had a few preconceived ideas about what to expect. I thought the class would require wearing a special type of workout clothing. I believed the instructor would most credibly be a professional dancer whose choreography would be paired with upbeat Spanish songs and consist of challenging moves.The dance steps the class would require would in all likelihood be modern day salsa and trip the light fantastic toe neither of which I find that exciting. I att closeed my outgrowth Zumba class on Sunday, February 17th. By the end of the maiden song I had quickly ruled out all of my preconceived ideas. The Zumba class took federal agency in an extremely spacious room which allowed eitherone in the class to hav e their own personal bubble. Mirrors covered all four of the walls, making it a bit awkward and impossible not to watch myself dance. to become with the class began, I was complaining about how cold the room seemed.After the first routine I was grateful for the colder temperature. As far as I could tell the only equipment necessary for a successful Zumba class was music. As the room began filling up with participants it became apparent I was going to be the youngest. The group consisted of about fifteen women ranging in ages from the mid-twenties all the way to the late fifties. No one wore specialized Zumba clothing. In fact the majority of exercise attire worn was a plain tee-shirt, yoga pants and a good pair of tennis shoes.On the Zumba commercials, the attendees were all wearing b by flops colorize tanks tops with ZUMBA written across them, colored cargo pants, fun-beaded skirts and leggings. I was not surprised that my classmates had a different wardrobe from those on the c ommercial. The clothes were probably used as an advertising technique to get people interested in the exercise. Everyone attending the class seemed to be in decent shape implying that this class for the physically fit. Danica, our Zumba instructor, literally ran in the room at exactly 430 PM.She had a welcoming smile and was quite observant. She noticed that a couple on of us were not regulars to her Zumba sessions. Before we started dancing, Danica explained the basics of the class. She stated that it was not a dance competition and the main goal of Zumba is to be constantly moving in order to achieve a high nutritionists calorie burn. She reviewed dance moves that she thought might be hard for new people to pick up right away. She reiterated that the most important thing is that we keep moving for the entire hour. After asking if everyone was ready to begin she turned on the music.The first dance was Pitbulls Dont Stop the Party I was not expecting the music to consist of popul ar songs that could be heard on the radio. Danica would shout out the direction we were going making all her moves very simple to follow. She had us jumping in every direction, skid from right to left, punching the air, marching forward and backward by the middle of the song, everyone was dancing in a synchronized pattern. I did find myself lost on a few moves, but I just iterate previous steps until I could get back into the swing of things.Even though I consider myself to be in fairly good physical shape I was sweating and panting after the first song. Looking around the room, I could see as well as feel the entire class was pumped up and sending off positive energy. Danica was able to show a few moves to the near song before it started. I could tell it was going to be a bit more challenging than the first. It involved more jumping and slightly advanced foot work. But we were all laughing through with(predicate) our flaws and having a good time with the dance. Our instructors attitude and encouragement made my entire Zumba survive a great one.She would complement the moves we mastered, and would not discourage the dances that proved more difficult. Even though this was my first class, I was dancing as well as all the other classmates by the end. By the end of the class, we had danced to total of eight songs. They included Shakiras Waka Waka, This Time for Africa, and Psys Gangnam Style. The last song, Enrique Iglesiass well-worn of Being Sorry, was our cool down song. Each song had its own chorography, making them unique and different. The class was an hour long and it managed to work out my entire body.Danica said that we burned about five cytosine calories from all the moving around. Zumba did not require a lot of past acquired dance skills. I mat up like a professional dancer, because I finally was able to follow moves that werent besides complicated. tractableness was not a necessity but it is important to stretch out a few proceeding before an y exercise, especially one as involved as Zumba. I found one flaw which I could have avoided altogether. With the constant moving, I was extremely hot and sweaty I would have to run to the drinking fountain.This caused me to lose my place in the dances, and I had to wait until I could catch onto the moves. As long as I remember a water bottle, this problem can be avoided. By end of the class, I could already feel the tightening of my muscles. I walked to the locker room with my legs feeling like Jell-O. I could hardly reach my locker because I could barely lift my arms above my head. I worked out my arms, abs, and legs all at once in Zumba. I did not leave the gym feeling overly tired so I had enough motivation to go home and continue on with my free-and-easy routine.The days of coming home and sleeping after an intense workout are now in the past. I came straight home and shared my fun-filled Zumba experience with my family. I would recommend Zumba to anyone looking for a new type of exercise. Riding the stationary bike or the elliptical every day starts to get boring, in my opinion. If you are looking to step out of your everyday workout routine, Zumba is the way to go. I do not however think it would be a positive experience for those who dont enjoy exercising, or are in poorer shape. The nonstop moving could pose as a shock to bodies that are not used to cardio workouts.It would be a smarter choice for them to slowly work their way up through founding father classes. After having such a wonderful experience at my first Zumba class, I have every intention of attending as many as I can. It was not anything that I had expected I did not think it would ever be possible to actually enjoy working out. But with the right attitude, an experienced and perceptive instructor, and a room full of fun people Zumba is all around fun. It is an nimble class that makes for an exciting experience and improves your health, body and mind.

Job Satisfaction and Employees Performance

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 0 Background of the study of telephone circuit Satisfaction and Employee Performance in thoroughgoing Nigeria Plc. The heart and soul Nigeria PLC is a privately held, owned and managed industrial lubrication, oil color and gas manufacturing keep company spread across the geographical regions and districts in Nigeria. The company has been a part of the Nigeria manufacturing grace since 1962 and has earned the reputation as one of the key suppliers for lubrication equipment, oil and gas products in the industry.It manufactures petrol, kerosene, diesel, cooking gas, motorcar c are products, insecticides and lubricants such as oilers spray systems, applicators and condition monitoring equipment. centre Nigeria Plc. is dedicated to selling its products through distribution. TOTAL is the worlds fourth-largest publicly-traded integrated oil and gas company, with operations in more than cxxx countries spanning all aspects of the petroleum industry, includ ing Upstream operations (oil and gas exploration, development and production, LNG) and Downstream operations (refining, marketing and the handicraft and shipping of crude oil and petroleum products ).TOTAL employees more than 95,000 employees worldwide, TOTAL reported sales of 153. 8 trillion in 2006. TOTAL Upstream activities are carried out by three subsidiary companies in Nigeria. They are 1. Total Export and Production Nigeria curb (TEPNG) 2. Total Upstream Nigeria Limited (TUPNL) for oil/gas 3. Total Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Limited for gas. They are committed partners in Nigerias growth and improvement what they look at out of the ground, they put into the economy.Their long term vision is to remain Nigerias preferred operator, promoting the nations economy through their variant activities, and all the while contributing positively to the sustainable development of its communities. Samuel Emeka Mbah (Unilag Research Paper) There is a ecumenic consensus that there exist s a managerial problem of finding successful mechanism of retaining employees especially in a communication channel environment that is characterized by constant yearnings for pay rise.Employee bloodline delight has influence on employee disturbance in arrangements. The implication of this is that the extremity to which an organisation is able to retain its employees depend on the take aim of job happiness that are made available to these subject fielders. Job happiness is known to have positive touch on employee turnover rate intentions. It means that dis blessedness on the job increases or will increase the rate of employee turnover intention in organisation. Job satisfaction is how content an individual is with his or her job.Dessler (197837) refers to job satisfaction, as the class of call for satisfaction that is derived from and or experienced on the job. He affirms to the ability of employees in an organisation aspirations, feeling happy doing their job with the hope that their needs will be achieved. A job is a group of positions, which involves inbredly the same duties, responsibility, skill and knowledge. Scholars and human resource professionals generally make a distinction between affective job satisfaction and cognitive job satisfaction.Affective job satisfaction is the extent of pleasurable emotional feelings individuals have about their jobs overall, and is different to cognitive job satisfaction which is the extent of individuals satisfaction with particular deliverts of their jobs, such as pay, pension arrangements, working hours, and numerous other aspects of their jobs. Consequently, the inability of employees to achieve their needs will amount to dissatisfaction because job satisfaction is a general attitude towards an individuals job, and the difference of opinion between the amount of reward workers receive and the amount they believe they should receive.It has been observed that a person with a high level of job satisfact ion holds positive attitude towards the job while the person who is disgruntled with the job holds negative attitude about the job. Also satisfied employees are known to show high level work performance in organisations. By analysing job satisfaction an organisation can peradventure increase positive outcomes such as employee satisfaction and performance, and may decrease absenteeism and turnover. 1. 1 STATEMENT OF THE business Employees in Total Nigeria Plc. lay important roles, so employees satisfaction is a very essential one hence there arises a need to study the job satisfaction of oil, gas and lubrication employees. The Total Nigeria Plc. has been a part of the Nigerian industrial setting for over 40years. Investigating the employees value-perception can charge in managers building and creating work environments that help them to achieve high levels of employee satisfaction. The intention of investigating employee job satisfaction is therefore a step toward creating a hea lthy psychological contract for people at work (Palmer, 1999, Pg. ). This research therefore, seeks to evaluate the antecedents of employee turnover in the Total Nigeria PLC with a view to understanding its storage strategy. It would similarly evaluate the level of employee job satisfaction in relation to pay, nature of work and supervision as well as recommend ways of sustaining or improving on the companys retention strategy. This research study would help in mapping out strategies and methods that would foster objective conclusions. 1. 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYJob satisfaction can be used as a powerful tool to achieve goal congruency and rise employee motivation. It has been observed and noted that employees who find self-identity within the organisational context are motivated even in the face of adversity and channel their efforts towards the achievement of organisational goals. The absence of employee motivation may have significant negative implications to the company achi eving its strategy. The objectives of this research are 1. To access the general level of job satisfaction in Total Nigeria Plc. . To pick up the nature of the relationship between employees job satisfaction level and their performance. 3. To determine the major sources of dissatisfaction in Total Nigeria Plc. 4. To recommend some measures for improving the satisfaction level of the employees. This research will reinforce the knowledge on the holistic approach to job satisfaction from corporate strategy to individual level. It would also help in the academic understanding and development in the field of change management with specific reference to job satisfaction.It will be useful to Total Nigeria Plc. , other state owned enterprises, governmental and private sector organisations in Nigeria in the implementation of job satisfaction. It will give an overview of management and employees understanding of the whole supposition of job satisfaction, their level of participation in its implementation, from strategy development, goal setting to performance reviews, and their perception regarding its meeting on the achievement of corporate objectives. 1. 3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. How can the general level of job satisfaction in Total Nigeria Plc. e accessed? 2. How can the nature of the relationship between employees job satisfaction level and their performance be determined? 3. How can the major sources of dissatisfaction in Total Nigeria Plc. Be determined? 4. remember some measures for improving the satisfaction level of employees? 1. 4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 1. There is no acquaintance between working conditions and job satisfaction. 2. There is no association between rewards provided and job satisfaction. 3. There is no association between welfare measures and job satisfaction. . There is no association between job security measure and job satisfaction. 1. 5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1. Job satisfaction should be the major determinants of an employee organizational be haviour. 2. A satisfied employee will be having positive attitude towards his or her job and would go beyond the recipe expectation in his or her job. 3. A person who places high importance on imagination, independence and liberty is likely to be poorly matched with an organization that seeks conformity from its employees. 1. 6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThe study included all employees of the organisation, with the elision of the researcher and the CEO and regional managers. All the findings and observations made in the study are purely found on the respondents answers which may be biased. Time and cost is also another constraint. 1. 6 DEFINITION OF foothold PLC Public Liability Company LNG Liquefied Natural Gas TEPNG Total Export and Production Nigeria Limited Unilag University of Nigeria, Lagos State CEO Chief Executive Officer TUPNL Total Upstream Nigeria Limited

Caledonia Products

Caledonia Products Integrative Problem 1. Why should Caledonia focus on visualise free notes flows as opposed to the accounting wampum earned by the project when analyzing whether to undertake the project? Free cash flows are being focused on because it the number that Caledonia will receive and they will be open to reinvest that amount. Caledonia should analyze the free cash flow so that they are able to see the real amount of value or what the cost may be. The marginal value from the project would be in the incremental cash flow. The earnings would be much less if they were looking at it through the accounting profits.It would be less because of the depreciation would be con attitudered an expense causing a larger expense for Caledonia. Describe factors Caledonia mustiness consider if it were to lease versus buy First Caledonia must figure out if they will have plenteous cash flow to pay the bill each month. Leasing would give Caledonia the benefit of decreasing costs. The d own side of leasing would mean that Caledonia will not be out of the lease until it has been paid off and the company who contract the property will be the owners until that is completed.Buying property means that the item is usually in offend condition, better value, and they will own it. Prices are often better when buying than with leasing. Tax expenses may be a downside of owning the property. 2. Incremental Cash Flow Year1 Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Operating Cash Flow 5,949,200 9,909,200 11,493,200 6,741,200 3,771,200 Each year results in arbitrary incremental cash flow and the new project appears to be a profitable business option.Accounting profits represent the total cost of doing business. The difference would be that this company requires additional net working peachy every year which is not reflected in the incremental costs. 3. sign Outlay Year 0 brisk Product Cost of new plant and equipment$(7,900,000) Shipping and installation costs (100,000) Total costs$(8,000,000 ) Initial working capital $(100,000) Initial cash flow (8,100,000) 4. Free Cash FlowYear0 Year1 Year2 Year3 Year4 Year 5 take care Revenues $21,000,000 $36,000,000 $42,000,000 $24,000,000 $15,600,000 Unit Costs (12,600,000) (21,600,000) (25,200,000) (14,400,000) (10,800,000) Gross Profit 8,400,000 14,400,000 16,800,000 9,600,000 4,800,000 Annual fixed costs (200,000) (200,000) (200,000) (200,000) (200,000) Depreciation (1,580,000) (1,580,000) (1,580,000) (1,580,000) (1,580,000) Net operating(a) income 6,620,000 12,620,000 15,020,000 7,820,000 3,320,000 Taxes (34%) (2,250,800) (4,290,800) (5,106,800) (2,658,800) (1,128,800) NOPAT 4,369,200 8,329,200 9,913,200 5,161,200 2,191,200 Depreciation 1,580,000 1,580,000 1,580,000 1,580,000 1,580,000 Operating cash flow 5,949,200 9,909,200 11,493,200 6,741,200 3,771,200Year0 Year1 Year2 Year3 Year4 Year5 Net Capital $(100,00) (2,100,000) (3,600,000) (4,200,000) (2,400,000) (1,560,000) CAPEX $(8,000,000) - - Free Cash Flow $(8,100,000) 3,84 9,200 6,309,200 7,293,200 4,341,200 2,211,200 5. 6. 7. Should the project be accepted? Why or why not? Yes. This project should be accepted because the NPV ? 0. and the IRR ? demand rate of return. Or No. This project should not be accepted because the NPV and the IRR required rate of return.

Types of Organization

LESSON 2 ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION schemaS An introductory aggrandisementic on anxiety Information System Organizations argon formal social units devoted to the attainment of specific goals. The victor of any constitutions is premise on the efficient use and steering of resources which traditionally comprises human, financial, and material resources. Information is straighta dash recognized as a crucial resource of an organization. Examples of organizations atomic number 18 byplay unswervings, banks, regimen agencies, hospitals, educational institutions, insurance policy companies, airlines, and utilities.Organizations and entropy systems lead a mutual influence on each distinguish satisfactory. The study needs of an organization affect the design of culture systems and an organization must be open itself to the influences of selective information systems in stray to more fully benefit from new technologies. pic This complex two-way affinity is mediated by num erous factors, not the least of which are the closes madeor not madeby managers. Other factors mediating the relationship are the organisational culture, bureaucracy, politics, transmission line fashion, and pure chance. 1. Organizations and surroundingss Organizations reside in environments from which they draw resources and to which they supply goods and services. Organizations and environments have a reciprocal relationship. Organizations are open to, and dependent on, the social and physical environment that surrounds them. Without financial and human resources commonwealth leading to work reliably and consistently for a set wage or revenue from nodesorganizations could not exist. Organizations must respond to legislative and various necessitatements imposed by government, as well as the actions of customers and competitors. On the other hand, organizations can influence their environments. Organizations form alliances with others to influence the policy- reservation process they advertise to influence customer acceptance of their products. Information systems are key instruments for environmental scanning, helping managers identify outside changes that might require an organizational response. New technologies, new products, and changing public tastes and values (many of which result in new government regulations) put strains on any organizations culture, politics, and people. 2. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) Precise rules, procedures, and practices developed by organizations to cope with virtually all expected situations. These standard operating procedures have a great admit to do with the aptitude that modern organizations attain. 3. Organizational Politics People in organizations occupy assorted positions with different specialties, concerns, and perspectives.As a result, they naturally have divergent viewpoints rough how resources, rewards, and punishments should be distributed. These differences matter to some(prenominal) m anagers and employees, and they result in political struggle, competition, and conflict within every organization. Political resistance is one of the great difficulties of flummoxing about organizational changeespecially the development of new information systems. Virtually all information systems that bring about significant changes in goals, procedures, productivity, and personnel are politically charged and elicit serious political opposition. . Organizational culture Organizational culture describes the psychology, attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values (personal and ethnic values) of an organization. It has been defined as the specific array of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they act with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization. It is the set of ancestryamental assumptions about what products the organization should produce, how and where it should produce them, and for whom they shou ld be produced. It is a powerful unifying force that restrains political conflict and promotes common realiseing, agreement on procedures, and common practices organizational culture is a powerful restraint on change, especially technological change. roughly organizations will do almost anything to avoid making changes in basic assumptions. Any technological change that threatens commonly held cultural assumptions usually hits a great deal of resistance.However, there are times when the only sensible way for a firm to move forward is to employ a new technology that directly opposes an be organizational culture. Types of Organizational Information systems Decision making is often a managers most challenging role. Information systems have helped managers communicate and distribute information and provide assistance for management last making. No single system provides all the information needed by the different organizational levels, engages and business processes.Organizations can be divided into strategic, management, and working(a) levels. 1. Operational-level systems support operational managers needs for circulating(prenominal), accurate and easily well-disposed information mainly used to keep track of the elementary activities and transactions of the organization. Decision making for operational control square ups how to carry out the specific tasks set forth by strategic and middle management decisions. 2. Management-level systems are designed to serve the monitoring, unequivocal, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers.Decision making for management control focuses on efficiency and effective use of resources. It requires knowledge of operational decision making and task completion. 3. Strategic- level systems help sr. managers with long-range planning needed to meet changes in the external and internal business environment. Strategic decision determines the long-term objectives, resources and policies of the organ ization. Decisions at every level of the organization can also be classified as unstructured, structured and semi-structured. Unstructured decisions direct judgment, evaluation, and insight into the problem definition. They are novel, important, and nonroutine. Structured decisions are routine Semi-structured decisions involve cases where only part of the problem can be answered by an accepted procedure. Modern information systems have been most supremacyful with structured, operational and management control decisions. But now most of the exciting applications are occurring at the management knowledge and strategic levels where problems are either semi-structured or unstructured.TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Following are the different types on information systems that support the needs of the organization Executive information systems (EIS), Decision support systems (DSS), Management Information Systems(MIS), and Transaction Processing Systems (TPS). A. Executive information systems (EIS) provide top management with ready access to a variety of summarized company entropy against a background of worldwide information on the industry and the economy at large.ESS provides a generalized computing and communications environment for senior managers at the strategic level of the organization. Top management of any organization need to be able to track the performance of their company and of its various units, assess the opportunities and threats, and develop strategic directions for the companys future. Executive information systems have these characteristics 1. EIS provide immediate and easy access to information reflecting the key success factors of the company and of its units. 2. User-seductive interfaces, such as color graphics and video, allow the EIS exploiter to grasp trends at a glance. Users time is at a high premium here. 3. EIS provide access to a variety of databases, both internal and external, through a uniform interface the fac t that the system consults multiple databases should be vaporish to the users. 4. Both current status and projections should be available from EIS. It is frequently desirable to investigate different projections in particular, planned projections may be compared with the projections derived from actual results. . An EIS should allow easy tailoring to the prefaces of the particular user or group of users (such as the chief administrators cabinet or the corporate board). 6. EIS should offer the susceptibility to drill down into the data it should be thinkable to see increasingly detailed the summaries. Critical succeeder factors for achieving a successful EIS 1. A committed and informed decision leaser sponsor. A top level executive, kind of the CEO, should serve as the executive sponsor of the EIS by encouraging its implementation. 2. An operating sponsor.The executive sponsor will most likely be too busy to devote much time to implementation. That task should be given up to another top-level executive, such as the executive vice-president. The operating sponsor works with both the user executives and the information specialists to ensure that the work gets done. 3. withdraw information services staff. Information specialists should be available who understand not only the information technology but also how the executive will use the system. 4. Appropriate information technology.EIS implementers should not get carried away and incorporate unnecessary hardware or software. The system must be kept as simple as possible and should give the executive exactly what him or her wants-nothing more and nothing less. 5. Data Management. It is not sufficient to simply display data or information. The executive should have some idea of how current the data is. This can be accomplished by identifying the twenty-four hours and ideally the time of the day the data was entered. The executive should be able to follow data analysis. . A clear link to business objectiv es. Most successful EISs are designed to solve specific problems or meet needs that can be addressed with information technology. 7. Management of organizational resistance. When an executive resists the EIS, efforts should be taken to gain support. A good strategy is to identify a single problem that the executive faces and then quickly implement an EIS, using prototyping to address that problem. commission must be taken to grant a problem that will enable the EIS to make a good showing. . Management of the spread and developing of the system. Experience has shown that when upper-level management begins receiving information from the EIS, lower level managers want to receive the same output. Care must be taken to add users only when they can be given the attention they need. B. Management information systems (MIS) serve the management level of the organization, providing managers with reports and, in some cases, with online access to the organizations current performance and hi storical records.Typically, they are oriented almost exclusively to internal, not environmental or external, events. MIS primarily serve the feeds of planning, controlling, and decision making at the management level. Generally, they depend on underlying transaction bear upon systems for their data C. Decision support systems (DSS), is a type of MIS expressly developed to support the decision-making process in non-routine task. DSS assist middle managers with analytical decisions, and able to address semistructured problems drawing on both internal and external sources of data 1.It is an interactive computer-based system intended to help managers retrieve, summarize, analyze decision relevant data and make decisions. 2. DSS facilitate a dialogue between the user, who is considering alternative problem solutions, and the system, with its built-in models and access to the database. 3. DSS are interactive, and in a typical session, the manager using a DSS can evaluate a number of pos sible what if scenarios by using a model or a simulation of a real intent system. Two major(ip) categories of DSS 1. Enterprise-wide DSS are linked to large, data warehouse and serve many managers in a company.Enterprise wide DSS can range from fairly simple systems to complex data intensive and analytically sophisticated executive information system. 2. Desk-top DSS such as spreadsheets, accounting and financial models can be implemented in Microsoft Excel. Another DSS tool, simulation, is usually implemented in desktop packages. D. Transaction processing systems (TPS) is the core of IT applications in business since it serves the operational level of the organization by recording the daily transactions required to conduct business.Most mission- vital information systems for both large and small organizations are essentially transaction processing systems for operational data processing that is needed, for example, to register customer orders and to produce invoices and payroll checks. This system keeps track of money paid to employees, generating employee paychecks and other reports. A symbolic representation for a payroll TPS Typical applications of TPS There are five operative categories of TPS sales/merchandising, manufacturing/production, finance/accounting, human resources, and other types of systems specific to a particular industry.Within each of these major functions are subfunctions. For each of these subfunctions (e. g. , sales management) there is a major application system. pic The various types of systems in the organization commute data with one another. TPS are a major source of data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS. ESS is primarily a recipient of data from lower-level systems. Systems from a Functional Perspective There are four major functional areas in an organization sales and marketing, manufacturing and production, finance and accounting, and human resources. . Sales and Marketing Systems The sales and marketing function is responsible for(p) for selling the organizations product or service. Sales function is concerned with contacting customers, selling the products and services, taking orders, and following up on sales. Marketing is concerned with identifying the customers for the firms products or services, determining what customers need or want, planning and developing products and services to meet their needs, and advertising and promoting these products and services.Sales and marketing information systems support these activities and help the firm identify customers for the firms products or services, develop products and services to meet customers needs, promote these products and services, sell the products and services, and provide ongoing customer support. Examples of Sales and Marketing information systems are determine processing, pricing Analysis and sales Trend Forecasting. 2. Manufacturing and Production Systems The manufacturing and production function is responsible for actually pr oducing the firms goods and services.Manufacturing and production systems deal with the planning, development, and maintenance of production facilities the establishment of production goals the acquisition, storage, and availability of production materials and the computer programming of equipment, facilities, materials, and labor required to fashion finished products. Manufacturing and production information systems support these activities, it deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services, and with controlling the flow of production. 3. finance and Accounting SystemsThe finance function is responsible for managing the firms financial assets, such as cash, stocks, bonds, and other investments, in order to maximize the return on these financial assets. The finance function is also in charge of managing the capitalization of the firm (finding new financial assets in stocks, bonds, or other forms of debt). In order to determine whether the firm is getti ng the best return on its investments, the finance function must obtain a considerable aggregate of information from sources external to the firm.The accounting function is responsible for maintaining and managing the firms financial recordsreceipts, disbursements, depreciation, payrollto account for the flow of funds in a firm. pay and accounting share related problemshow to keep track of a firms financial assets and fund flows. They provide answers to questions such as these What is the current inventory of financial assets? What records exist for disbursements, receipts, payroll, and other fund flows? Examples of Finance and Accounting Systems Accounts receivable, Budgeting, Profit Planning. 4. Human Resources SystemsThe human resources function is responsible for attracting, developing, and maintaining the firms workforce. Human resources information systems support activities, such as identifying potential employees, maintaining complete records on existing employees, and cr eating programs to develop employees talents and skills Examples of Human resources information systems training and development, compensation analysis, and Human Resources Planning. Management Challenges Businesses need different types of information systems to support decision making and work activities for various organizational levels and functions.Well-conceived systems linking the entire enterprise typically require a significant amount of organizational and management change and raise the following management challenges 1. Integration. Although it is necessary to design different systems service different levels and functions in the firm, more and more firms are finding advantages in integrating systems. However, integrating systems for different organizational levels and functions to freely exchange information can be technologically difficult and costly.Managers need to determine what level of system integration is required and how much it is worth in dollars. 2. Enlarging the scope of management thinking. Most managers are clever to manage a product line, a division, or an office. They are rarely trained to optimize the performance of the organization as a whole and often are not given the means to do so. But enterprise systems and industrial networks require managers to take a much larger view of their own behavior, including other products, divisions, departments, and even outside business firms. - Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to Illustrate the relationship between organizations and information systems Explain the factors mediating the relationship between organizations and information systems Discuss the different types of information systems in the organization. Explain how information supports the different levels of an organization Give examples of the information systems that are world used to support business functional areas