Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Essay There is no definition of abnormal psychological which has approval by the psychological social groups. Although, knowing of ones abnormal mindset is essential in assessing personal behaviors in determining what is intended (Hansell Damour, 2008). Abnormal social content is often looked upon as personal behavior opposing to social normality. This structure is essential in analizing the abnormal mindset and focus to accurately filter conduct presented whether unusual or usual. This paper will determine the start of what presents abnormal mindset and how the developement is originated for use scientifically. Lastly, the paper will inspect the psychodynamic, humanistic and existential, behavioral, cognitive, sociocultural, family support and biological theoretical areas important to the strength of abnormal psychology. Origins of Abnormal Psychology The development of abnormal mindset can be transcribed for thousands of years. To this date, people have evolved in specified cases of undesired conduct. Historically, unusual conduct is seen as biological, psychological outcomes seen also as supernatural factors (Hansell Damour, 2008). The observation of unusual conduct is often believed individuals acknowledge the idea of depletion of bad spirits, devils, and intities (Hansell Damour, 2008). As far back as the Mesolithic period, normal practices of torture would be practiced to those who displayed unusual conduct to be pardoned. Additionally, the use of exorcisms was performed to extinguish the existance of paranormal activities. Additionally, in the Roman era the chemicals in an individuals head would be released to extinguish the individuals from unusual conduct. This tyoe of consequence was passed on into the Dark Ages; Europeans viewed this conduct as psychological disease which drew evil spirits to such individuals for posse ssion. Torture was practiced on individuals who presented unusual behaviors, and was common to relinquish an evil spirt for centuries. Challenges to Defining and Classifying Normal and Abnormal Behavior Though an individual can present unusual conduct, he or she is viewed as one who violates expectations or rules in a society or culture (Hansell Damour, 2008). A lack of understanding is particularly notable because of various traditions and culture is viewed differently in consideration of the beliefs of certain traditions. An example is, a typical American will eat at a fast food chain for a quick bite at the work place, whereas many cultures from euopean all the way to middle eastern will bring his or her ethnic food to ingest, but do not condone this type of conduct. On the flip side, woman in the Middle East receive harsh abuse and it is not against the law for men to treat woman this way, but in the United States it is against the law for men to abuse their woman and he will receive a criminal offense for such behavior. In other words, it depends on the culture to consider if the unusual conduct violates law or social acknowledgement, decisions are relatively complex from area to area. Unusual conduct can affect people negatively presently, but may be viewed as usual conduct in the future. How Abnormal Psychology has evolved into a Scientific Discipline The scientific element concept within the unusuwl aspects of psychology was developed by Hippocrates, a greek doctor. Hippocrates believed biological patterns are responsible for such unusual conduct. Hippocrates believed through biological cause an individual will be more likely to be cured from such illness. Also, Hippocrates referred the brain as a componant being responsible for an individual’s intelligence, awareness and cleverness. With such reference, these components play a significant role in how an individual displays his or her conduct (Hansell Damour, 2008). Historically, thousands of years ago, individuals who displayed unusual conduct were labled as witches, or unusual conduct would draw in devils. The frequent attendance of church would increase because of the severity of such fear of evil. Following, the enligtenment era develoloped where unusual conduct was analysed throughly before considered a consequence for various discrepancies of an individuals brain fu nctions, an acceptance was generally regarded as a psychological disease that accounted for the use of various remedies that were implemented (Hansell Damour, 2008). Development of Abnormal Psychology: Biological and Theoretical Perspectives Unusual psychology on a biological viewpoint invests with the unusual acts that rooy from an inbalance within the brain. The use of psychotropic medications are used on a theraputic regimen to help elliviate symptoms; additionally, treatments used such as electro- convolsive therapy , and psychdynamic hypothisis to aid human contact on influences psychological through the unconscious mind (Hansell Damour, 2008). For most part, an individual’s conduct is essential and is charactorized from a previous experience. Psychoanalysis is used as an approach in the theraputic needs. The use of the behavioral model is essential when conditioning is relevent. Depending on the situation, the use of operant and classical conditioning are considered (Hansell Damour, 2008). Therefore, unusual conduct, and its reactives are performed to elleviate psychological disorders through the conditiining process and behavioral therapy to cure such disorder. In the 1960s, Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck implemented the cognitive approach to establish cognitive function using procedures to open conduct, stimulate ideas, feelings which establish personality and individual attitudes (Hansell Damour, 2008).

Robertson Davies :: Biography Biographies Essays

Robertson Davies With a vision that reflects the experiences of Canadians, Robertson Davies achieved international renown as one of Canada’s foremost men of letters. Born in Thamesville, Ontario, on August 28, 1813, Robertson Davies was the youngest of three sons of newspaper publisher and Liberal senator William Rupert Davies and his wife, Florence Sheppard McKay Davies. With parents who were theatre enthusiasts, Robertson Davies was drawn to the theatre early in his life and acted in school plays. At the age of five, Davies’ family moved to the small town of Renfrew in the Ottawa Valley; when he was twelve, Davies moved to the city of Kingston, where his father owned the local newspaper, the Whig-Standard. From 1928 to 1932, Robertson Davies attended Toronto’s Upper Canada College – the "Colborne College" of his novels Fifth Business, The Manticore, and What’s Bred in the Bone. Truly, these Ontarian towns shaped the geographical heart of Davies’ fictional works. At the Upper Canada College, young Davies was immersed in school dramatics and was the editor of the school paper. Admitted to Queen’s University in Kingston as a special student because he was "hopeless in mathematics," Robertson Davies excelled at the university from 1932 to 1935. He was active in the Drama Guild at Queen’s and continued to be involved in the student theatre at Balliol College in Oxford. Here, he received his B.Litt. in 1938 for a thesis he published the following year, entitled Shakespeare’s Boy Actors. Upon graduation, Davies joined the prestigious Old Vic Theatre Company in London, where he married its stage manager, his life-long wife Brenda. In 1940, Robertson Davies and his wife returned to Canada, where Davies became literary editor of Saturday Live, then a weekly review of politics, finance, and the arts. The first of his three daughters was born that December. In 1942, Davies became editor of the Peterborough Examiner – another of his father’s papers – and he was to hold this post for the next twenty years. Davies became an increasingly popular columnist, "Samuel Marchbanks," whose witty comments and humorous accounts of small-town American and Canadian life would later be published in three volumes between 1947 and 1967. From 1955 to 1965, Davies was the publisher of Examiner. By this time, he had already written eighteen books, numerous plays, and produced many articles for various journals. His first play, Eros at Breakfast won the 1948 Dominion Drama Festival Award for best Canadian play.

Factors and Hazards of Infant Development Essay

Two hazards I find important to avoid are alcohol consumption and addictive drugs. In this paper I will explain the importance of these three factors and hazards. The most important factor in an infant’s development is obtaining early prenatal care. Women should make an appointment as soon as she suspects she is pregnant (Marotz & Allen, 2012). It is not good to rely on home pregnancy tests because they are sometimes not accurate especially in the early days and weeks. A health care provider can determine if you’re pregnant or not on this visit. Also, on the visit any medical issues the mother has can be evaluated and treated (2012). As long as there is no issues mothers can be encouraged to do noncontact exercise. Exercise will help with weight gain, muscles, and believed the help with easier labor and delivery (2012). â€Å"A lack of prenatal care is often associated with an increased rate of medical complications, preterm births, low birth weight infants, fetal death, and disabilities† (p. 52). A very important hazard to avoid in infant development is alcohol consumption. This can have serious consequences for mother and fetus (Marotz & Allen, 2012). â€Å"Mothers who consume alcohol during pregnancy have a greater risk of miscarriages, still births, premature infants, and low-birth-weight infants. The incidence of fetal death is also significantly higher† (p. 58). According to Marots & Allen the mother and infant share a common circulatory system so they   3 both are affected by any alcohol that is consumed. The alcohol remains in the infants system longer than the mothers (2012). â€Å"Heavy or binge drinking is associated with a preventable condition known as fetal alcohol syndrome, which causes mental and growth retardation, behavior and learning problems, poor motor coordination, heart defects, characteristic facial deformities, and speech impairments† (p. 58-59). Another hazard to avoid is addictive drugs. Also chemicals have a major effect on development. Some of these include pesticides, fertilizers, prescriptions, nonprescription, and street drugs (Marotz & Allen, 2012). Some of the side effects of these drugs and chemicals are malformations, fetal death, premature birth, and lifelong behavior and learning disabilities (2012). â€Å"The nature and severity of an infant’s abnormalities seem to be influenced by the timing of exposure during fetal development, the amount and type of substance, the mother’s general state of health, and maternal and fetal genetics† (p. 60). Women should check with their health care provider before taking any prescription or nonprescription drugs to determine if it will be harmful for the infant. In infant development many factors and hazards are important. A woman must be very careful with everything she does. The three topics I discussed are very important to me. Seeking prenatal care will help in so many ways. The doctor can help to make sure you’re on the right track with development and also tell you what hazards to stay away from like alcohol consumption and addictive drugs and chemicals.

Environmental Police - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 983 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? While at the Special Patrolman Academy Training, I was privileged to learn a lot that eventually helped to grow into an entirely responsible professional that I am today. Firstly I was able the police science at the academy which included among others, Constitutional Law, Criminal justice administration, Criminology and Deviance, New York Penal law and procedure and most importantly the New York State Environmental Law. I was able to learn the park ranger studies that mostly included Dendrology and Botany. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Environmental Police" essay for you Create order Taking care of the environment in which we live was important to both the humans and the animals in the universe as the failure to conserve would render our lives in a state of jeopardy. I was also able to learn the defensive driving and the car stops. Being a member of the New York City Urban Parks Enforcement Team, I was highly privileged to learn much as far as the professionalism of the job is concerned. Survival skills are among the key aspects that I was able to acquire at the Enforcement Team. I was also able to gain a self-discipline that has been pivotal to my success as a qualified professional. Though under intense pressure, I mainly learned and acquired creative, analytical and critical thinking skills that have guided me in my approach to various dangerous situations that requires a hard decision to make in the attempt to get a lasting solution. I also managed to learn and grasp the concept and importance of being a team member in the achievement of missions and even being the same team leader if called upon. The fact that this was a paramilitary organization enabled me to learn the code of honor professionally. How I learned We had various ways in which we learned the skills mentioned above at the academy and with the Enforcement Team. The environmental laws being the departments specialized jurisdiction and all the laws that governed parks were profoundly taught for the provided 35 hours per every week for the period of the ten weeks. This also involved administering of the mid-term and the final exams to the candidates to enable evaluation of the level of the understanding. The police science at the academy which revolved around the   Constitutional Law, Criminology and Deviance, New York Penal law and procedure were well published and provided to all the learners at the academy to read as more time was available. This helped a lot in the understanding of the police science and mainly the constitutional laws. Through case studies and the real-life examples, I was able to learn the importance of the environmental conservation to both the animals and human beings. This was well covered on various outings to witness the effect of the environmental pollution especially on the plants and the resulting global warming. Survival skills in life were well covered through the channels of the recorded videos in which I witnessed various critical situations in which an officer was to separate a fight between the two armed fighters who later turned against him but applied some of the skills learned to manage to escape the danger unhurt. Through the exams that were regularly being administered, I highly developed critical and the analytical skills as they required to come up with a case study creatively and critically analyze every aspect of the danger involved and how to solve the same. Were frequently put in groups to work together whenever the assignments were being administered and this particularly helped to grasp the importance of a team work as they were a bit easier to handle. How I carry out environmental laws I use these environmental laws learned to teach and educate the general public on the importance of conserving the environment as it is of great benefit to both of us in the universe. I also apply the same laws in my daily engagements, especially when interacting with the commonly known toxic chemicals that might damage the ozone layer. In an example, I offered summons especially to the civilians who often changed the oil for their cars without considering doing the same in a more safe way that is not dangerous to the health of the living. I educated them on the toxicity of the oil spilling on the soil and the general impact of the same activities and how it raises up in the air resulting in the respiratory diseases. Challenges There were various challenges that I encountered at the training. At times some of the things went wrong at the training. Learning to use deadly force when I was at the academy was one of the biggest challenges that I ever felt. This was majorly due to the fear and the tension that I had as the process involved a force that would cause a substantial risk of serious body injury or even death. Going out to separate a fight in a heterogeneous group of teenagers at the early stages was one of the challenges that I greatly felt. The other main problem that I faced was during the Ice rescue where it was a little hard because it was cold in the dead. Special Patrolman Academy Training This being an academy that provides specialized skills and knowledge for Law Enforcement Officers who require the certification in their positions, I had to go through a process to become a qualified professional in the field. This involved learning the simple laws to the most critical situations in the course of delivering services to the public. Field experiences were the pivotal point of the training. Initially, the challenges were numerous ranging from the lack of the necessary skills to the fear and tension that I had. This came to an end when I decided to dedicate my life to the profession. I dedicated my time and tried all the best to adapt to the weather and remove the fear that I initially had.